Evakueringsinstruksen står på væggen ved evakueringsplanen.

Yes:

Evakueringsinstruksen = the evacuation instructions / the evacuation instruction sheet
står = stands / is placed / is located
på væggen = on the wall
ved evakueringsplanen = by / next to the evacuation plan

A very literal rendering would be: The evacuation instructions stand on the wall by the evacuation plan.

In natural English, you would usually say something like The evacuation instructions are on the wall next to the evacuation plan.

In Danish, the definite article is often attached to the end of the noun instead of being a separate word.

So:

instruks = instruction / set of instructions
instruksen = the instruction / the instructions

plan = plan
planen = the plan

væg = wall
væggen = the wall

This is one of the biggest differences from English. Danish often says noun + ending, where English says the + noun.

Because Danish forms compound nouns very freely, much like German.

So:

evakuering = evacuation
instruks = instruction / instructions
plan = plan

These combine into:

evakueringsinstruks = evacuation instructions
evakueringsplan = evacuation plan

Then the definite ending is added:

evakueringsinstruksen = the evacuation instructions
evakueringsplanen = the evacuation plan

English usually writes these as separate words, but Danish often writes them as one word.

That -s- is a linking element used in many Danish compounds.

Here the first part is evakuering. In compounds, it often becomes evakuerings-:

evakuering → evakueringsinstruks
evakuering → evakueringsplan

You do not always have to think of this -s- as carrying a meaning of its own. It is mainly a normal way of connecting the parts of the compound. English learners often notice it because English usually does not do this.

Danish often uses verbs like stå (stand), ligge (lie), and sidde (sit) to describe where something is located.

So står here does not necessarily mean the evacuation instructions are literally standing upright in the way a person stands. It is a natural Danish way to describe the position of signs, notices, objects, and written information.

In English, we usually just say is: The evacuation instructions are on the wall.

In Danish, står can sound more natural in this kind of context.

They describe two different parts of the location.

på væggen = on the wall
This tells you the instructions are attached to or located on the wall.

ved evakueringsplanen = by / next to / near the evacuation plan
This tells you where on the wall: they are near the evacuation plan.

So the full idea is: the instructions are on the wall, specifically next to the evacuation plan.

The basic order here is:

Subject + verb + place information

So:

Evakueringsinstruksen = subject
står = verb
på væggen ved evakueringsplanen = location

This is normal Danish main-clause word order.

Also remember that Danish is a V2 language, which means the finite verb usually comes second in main clauses. If another element were moved to the front, the verb would still stay in second position. For example:

På væggen ved evakueringsplanen står evakueringsinstruksen.

That version is more marked, but still grammatical.

Grammatically, it is singular definite.

The base noun is en instruks.
So:

en instruks = an instruction / a set of instructions
instruksen = the instruction / the instruction sheet / the instructions notice

In practice, a word like instruks can refer to a whole set of instructions, not just one tiny instruction. So although it is grammatically singular, the English translation may sometimes sound more natural as the evacuation instructions.

Yes, but the exact Danish noun here is instruks, not instruktion.

That means:

instruks → instruksen
not
instruktion → instruktionen

Both Danish words exist, but they are not always used in exactly the same way. In this sentence, the chosen word is instruks, which often fits official instructions, guidelines, or procedural notices very well.

So if you see evakueringsinstruksen, parse it as: evakuerings- + instruks + -en

Yes, Evakueringsinstruksen er på væggen ved evakueringsplanen is understandable and grammatically fine.

But there is a nuance:

er is more neutral: it simply says where it is.
står is more idiomatic Danish for something placed or displayed somewhere.

So:

er = correct, neutral
står = very natural in this context

A native speaker may prefer står when talking about notices, signs, written information, and similar things.

Possibly, yes, depending on what you want to emphasize.

hænger means hangs. If the evacuation instructions are physically hanging on the wall, then hænger can work:

Evakueringsinstruksen hænger på væggen ved evakueringsplanen.

The difference is:

står = focuses on where it is placed or displayed
hænger = focuses on the fact that it is hanging

So står is a broad, common choice, while hænger gives a more physical picture.