Forsikringstageren begrænser vandskaden og sender billeddokumentationen.

It is a compound noun plus a definite ending:

• forsikring = insurance
• tager = taker / holder
• forsikringstager = policyholder / insured party
• forsikringstageren = the policyholder

Danish makes compound nouns very freely, much more than English does. So a long word like this is completely normal.

Because Danish usually puts the definite article at the end of the noun instead of using a separate word before it.

In this sentence:

• forsikringstageren = the policyholder
• vandskaden = the water damage
• billeddokumentationen = the photo documentation / image documentation

A few base forms are:

• en forsikringstager → forsikringstageren
• en vandskade → vandskaden
• en billeddokumentation → billeddokumentationen

So English uses the, but Danish often uses a suffix instead.

That ending marks the singular definite form for common gender nouns.

A useful pattern is:

• many common-gender nouns take -en
• nouns ending in unstressed -e often just add -n

So:

• forsikringstager → forsikringstageren
• billeddokumentation → billeddokumentationen
• vandskade → vandskaden

Even though vandskaden ends in the letters -en, grammatically you can think of it as vandskade + -n.

Because Danish normally writes compound nouns as one word.

• vand = water
• skade = damage
• vandskade = water damage

English often writes similar expressions as two words, but Danish usually closes them up into one compound. This is one of the biggest spelling differences English speakers notice.

For the same reason: Danish prefers compounds.

Here the first part is based on billede = picture/image, but in compounds it often appears as billed-:

• billede = picture
• dokumentation = documentation
• billeddokumentation = photo/image documentation

So billed- is a normal compound form. You will see the same pattern in other words too.

They are in the present tense.

The dictionary forms are:

• at begrænse = to limit / mitigate
• at sende = to send

The present tense is:

• begrænser
• sender

For most Danish verbs, the present tense ends in -r, and it does not change for different persons. So Danish does not do something like:

• I send
• he sends

with different verb forms. It stays the same:

• jeg sender
• du sender
• han/hun sender

Because at is used with the infinitive, like English to.

• at begrænse = to limit
• at sende = to send

But this sentence is a normal statement with finite verbs in the present tense, so Danish uses:

• begrænser
• sender

not the infinitives.

Because one subject can govern two coordinated verbs.

So this structure is:

• Forsikringstageren = subject
• begrænser = first verb
• vandskaden = object
• og = and
• sender = second verb
• billeddokumentationen = object

English works the same way:

• The policyholder limits the water damage and sends the photo documentation.

You could repeat the subject, but it would usually be unnecessary.

Mostly from word order, because Danish has very little case marking on nouns.

In this sentence:

• Forsikringstageren comes before the finite verb, so it is the subject
• vandskaden is the object of begrænser
• billeddokumentationen is the object of sender

So Danish relies much more on sentence position than on noun endings to show grammatical role.

Yes, but Danish main clauses follow the V2 rule: the finite verb normally comes in the second position.

In your sentence, the subject comes first:

• Forsikringstageren begrænser vandskaden og sender billeddokumentationen.

But you can move another element to the front, and then the verb still stays second:

• Derefter sender forsikringstageren billeddokumentationen.
  After that, the policyholder sends the photo documentation.

That verb-second pattern is very important in Danish.

Not necessarily in a physical sense. In insurance or formal language, begrænse skaden often means limit the damage or prevent it from getting worse.

So with vandskaden, it usually means taking action to reduce the consequences of the water damage, for example by stopping the leak, drying things, or protecting property.

That is why begrænse is a very natural verb here, even if English might sometimes prefer mitigate in formal contexts.