Finanční úřad dostal elektronické podání.

Czech does not have articles.

So Finanční úřad dostal elektronické podání can mean The tax office received an electronic filing, but depending on context it could also be interpreted more generally. Czech usually shows definiteness through context, word order, or the situation, not with separate words like the and a.

It is in the nominative singular, because it is the subject of the sentence, the thing that performed the action.

• úřad = nominative singular
• finanční agrees with úřad

So the structure is:

• Finanční úřad = subject
• dostal = verb
• elektronické podání = object

Because Czech verbs in the past tense agree with grammatical gender, not natural gender.

The noun úřad is grammatically masculine inanimate, so the verb must match that:

• masculine singular: dostal
• feminine singular: dostala
• neuter singular: dostalo

So even though a tax office is not a man, Czech still uses dostal because úřad is a masculine noun.

Dostal is the past tense form of dostat.

In Czech, the past tense is built with an -l form plus, in some persons, an auxiliary form of být. In the 3rd person singular, there is no separate auxiliary word.

So:

• dostal jsem = I received
• dostal jsi = you received
• dostal = he/it received

Here, dostal means received, and it agrees with the masculine singular subject úřad.

It is in the accusative singular, because it is the direct object of dostal.

The tax office received what?
→ elektronické podání

A useful thing to know is that with many neuter nouns, the nominative and accusative singular look the same. That is exactly what happens here:

• nominative: podání
• accusative: podání

So the case is accusative, even though the form does not change.

Because it agrees with podání, which is neuter singular.

The dictionary form is elektronický. Its nominative singular forms are:

• masculine: elektronický
• feminine: elektronická
• neuter: elektronické

Since podání is neuter, the adjective must also be neuter:

• elektronické podání

And because neuter singular nominative and accusative are the same here, elektronické is also the correct form in this sentence.

Because finanční belongs to a different adjective pattern.

Elektronický is a typical hard adjective, so its endings clearly change:

• elektronický / elektronická / elektronické

But finanční is a soft adjective, and in the nominative singular it often has the same form across genders:

• masculine: finanční
• feminine: finanční
• neuter: finanční

So finanční already fits úřad without any visible change.

Yes. Dostal comes from dostat, which is a perfective verb.

That means the sentence presents the action as a completed event: the office successfully received the filing.

A rough imperfective partner is dostávat, which would suggest repeated receiving, ongoing receiving, or a more process-like meaning in the right context.

So:

• dostal = received, got, completed event
• dostával = was receiving / used to receive

In this sentence, the completed event is the natural choice.

Yes. Czech word order is much more flexible than English word order.

The neutral order here is:

• Finanční úřad dostal elektronické podání.

But other orders are possible, for example:

• Elektronické podání dostal finanční úřad.
• Dostal finanční úřad elektronické podání?

The core grammar is still shown mainly by case endings and agreement, not just by position.
However, changing the order usually changes emphasis, topic, or style, not just the rhythm.

Because in this sentence it is being used as a common noun phrase, not necessarily as a full official name.

Czech capitalizes official institutional names, but not ordinary descriptive expressions.

So:

• finanční úřad = a tax office / the tax office
• Finanční úřad pro Jihomoravský kraj = an official full name, so capitals are used

In your sentence, lowercase is normal unless it is part of a specific formal name.

Podání is a neuter verbal noun. It is related to the verb podat.

Czech often makes formal abstract nouns in -ní or -tí, especially in administrative language. That is why podání sounds official and fits very well in legal or bureaucratic contexts.

This is one reason the sentence feels like formal written Czech.

Úřad is pronounced approximately OO-rzhut, but that is only a rough guide.

A few important points:

• ú is a long vowel
• ř is the famous Czech sound: something like an r plus zh at the same time
• Czech stress normally falls on the first syllable, so: Ú-řad

There is no exact English equivalent of ř, so learners usually need practice hearing and repeating it. Even many advanced learners approximate it at first.

Also note the long vowels elsewhere in the sentence:

• finanční
• elektronické
• podání

Vowel length matters in Czech, so those marks are important.

They are:

• finanční → dictionary form finanční
• úřad → dictionary form úřad
• dostal → dictionary form dostat
• elektronické → dictionary form elektronický
• podání → dictionary form podání

This is useful because when you look words up, verbs are usually listed in the infinitive, and adjectives are usually listed in the masculine singular nominative form.