Následuj instruktora.

Následuj is the imperative form, used to give a command or instruction.

More specifically, it is:

• 2nd person singular imperative
• addressed to one person informally, as with ty

So the sentence is a direct command to one person.

The infinitive is následovat.

So the basic pattern is:

• následovat = to follow
• následuj = follow! (said to one person)

Because instruktora is in the accusative case, which is used here for the direct object of the verb.

The verb následovat takes a direct object:

• následovat koho? co? = to follow whom? what?

Since instruktor is a masculine animate noun, its accusative singular form is instruktora.

So:

• nominative: instruktor
• accusative: instruktora

That is a common pattern for masculine animate singular nouns in Czech.

For many masculine animate nouns:

• nominative singular: instruktor
• accusative singular: instruktora

This is one of the first big case patterns English speakers need to get used to. In English, the noun usually stays the same, but in Czech the ending changes to show its role in the sentence.

It is understood, so it is not normally said.

In Czech, subject pronouns are often omitted when the verb form already makes the person clear. Since následuj is an imperative for ty, Czech does not need to say ty.

You could say Ty následuj instruktora, but that would sound emphatic, contrastive, or unusual in normal speech.

You would use následujte.

So:

• Následuj instruktora. = informal, to one person
• Následujte instruktora. = to several people, or formally to one person

This is a very important Czech distinction:

• ty form: singular informal
• vy form: plural or polite/formal

A rough English-friendly approximation is:

NAA-sleh-dooy IN-struk-to-ra

A few useful notes:

• Czech stress is usually on the first syllable of each word.
• á is a long vowel.
• j is pronounced like y in yes.
• u is like oo in food.

A more approximate breakdown:

• ná = long naa
• sle = sleh
• duj = something like dooy
• instruktora = IN-struk-to-ra

Not completely. Czech word order is more flexible than English because the case endings show the grammatical roles.

Následuj instruktora is the most neutral and natural order for a simple command.

Other orders are possible, but they usually add emphasis or sound marked. For example:

• Instruktora následuj. = puts extra focus on the instructor

So for a learner, Následuj instruktora is the best default version.

It can depend on context.

Most naturally, Následuj instruktora suggests:

• go after the instructor
• follow the instructor’s lead

In some contexts it can sound like a literal instruction about movement, especially in a class, drill, exercise, or safety situation.

If the intended meaning is more like obey the instructor or follow the instructor’s instructions, Czech may also use other expressions, such as:

• Poslouchej instruktora. = listen to / obey the instructor
• Řiď se pokyny instruktora. = follow the instructor’s instructions

So this sentence is correct, but the exact nuance depends on the situation.

Then you would use the feminine noun instruktorka, and its accusative singular form is instruktorku.

So:

• Následuj instruktora. = Follow the male instructor.
• Následuj instruktorku. = Follow the female instructor.

Again, the ending changes because Czech marks case.

Yes. In Czech, diacritics are part of the spelling, not optional decoration.

Here especially:

• á in Následuj shows a long vowel
• writing Nasleduj instead of Následuj is not standard Czech

A learner might still be understood in some informal situations, but correct spelling should include the accents.

Yes, it is grammatical and natural as a short instruction or command.

It works especially well in contexts like:

• training
• sports
• guided movement
• demonstrations
• safety instructions

That said, in some situations a Czech speaker might choose a slightly different verb depending on the exact meaning. But as a straightforward command, Následuj instruktora is perfectly good Czech.