Stol je već očišćen.

Word by word:

• stol – table (noun, masculine singular, nominative = subject)
• je – 3rd person singular of biti (to be), here: is / has (auxiliary)
• već – already
• očišćen – cleaned (past passive participle of očistiti, “to clean (completely)”)

A very literal gloss would be: “Table is already cleaned.”
Natural English: “The table has already been cleaned.” or “The table is already cleaned.”

In Croatian:

• je is from biti (to be) and is used as an auxiliary to form passive constructions and many compound tenses.
• ima is from imati (to have) and is mainly about possession (to have something), not about forming perfect tenses like in English.

So, Stol je očišćen literally follows a “be + past participle” pattern (like English “is cleaned”), even if English prefers the “has been cleaned” wording.

You do not say:
✗ Stol ima već očišćen – ungrammatical.
You say:
✓ Stol je već očišćen.

Očišćen is a past passive participle (PPP) of the verb očistiti (to clean completely).

• Infinitive: očistiti
• Past passive participle, masculine singular: očišćen
• Feminine singular: očišćena
• Neuter singular: očišćeno
• Masculine plural: očišćeni

The -en / -n / -t endings are typical PPP endings in Croatian.
Because stol is masculine singular, the participle must also be masculine singular: očišćen. If the noun were feminine, e.g. stolica (chair), you’d say:

• Stolica je već očišćena. – “The chair has already been cleaned.”

• stol is masculine, singular, nominative.
• In this sentence it is the subject.

Because it’s masculine singular nominative, the participle očišćen also appears in masculine singular nominative to agree with it.

That’s why you don’t say:

• ✗ Stol je već očišćeno. (neuter – wrong)
• ✗ Stol je već očišćena. (feminine – wrong)

You must say:

• ✓ Stol je već očišćen.

Formally, očišćen is a past passive participle, which is a verb form.
In this sentence, it behaves like an adjective describing a state of the noun stol:

• očišćen stol – a cleaned table

So Stol je očišćen is structurally very close to:

• Stol je velik. – “The table is big.”

In both cases, you have noun + je + describing word (adjective/participle) that agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun.

Both can be translated as “The table is already clean,” but there’s a nuance:

• Stol je već očišćen.

  • Focus on the completed action of cleaning.
  • Implies “someone has already cleaned it.”
  • It’s a resultative / passive idea: has been cleaned.

• Stol je već čist.

  • Focus on the state: the table is in a clean condition.
  • Less emphasis on the act of cleaning; maybe it was simply not dirty, or it was cleaned earlier.

In many everyday situations, they can both work, but if you specifically want to highlight that the cleaning has been done, očišćen is more precise.

In Croatian, je is the present form of biti (to be), but je + past passive participle often refers to a present state resulting from a past action.

• Stol je već očišćen.
  = The cleaning happened already, and right now the table is in the cleaned state.

In English, the most natural equivalent is:

• “The table has already been cleaned.” (present perfect)
  or
• “The table is already cleaned/clean.”

Croatian doesn’t have a separate “present perfect” form like English; context tells you that the action is already completed and relevant now.

Active voice version:

• Netko je već očistio stol. – “Someone has already cleaned the table.”

Differences:

• Passive:

  • Stol je već očišćen.
  • Emphasizes the table and its state; the cleaner is not mentioned.

• Active:

  • Netko je već očistio stol.
  • Emphasizes someone’s action on the table.

Croatian uses both active and passive, but everyday speech often prefers active unless you really want to focus on the object or hide who did it.

These two verbs differ in aspect:

• čistiti – imperfective

  • Focus: ongoing or repeated action.
  • Examples:
    
    • Čistim stol. – “I am cleaning the table.”
    • Često čistim stol. – “I often clean the table.”

• očistiti – perfective

  • Focus: completion of the action, the result.
  • Examples:
    
    • Očistio sam stol. – “I (have) cleaned the table (finished).”
    • Stol je očišćen. – “The table is (has been) cleaned.”

For a sentence like Stol je već očišćen, the perfective očistiti is natural, because we’re talking about a finished cleaning, not the process.

Yes, Croatian word order is fairly flexible, and već (already) can move for emphasis. Some options:

• Stol je već očišćen. – neutral, most common.
• Stol je očišćen već. – somewhat more emphatic, often used in speech.
• Već je stol očišćen. – emphasizes “already” even more.

However, you cannot freely move je to the end:

• ✗ Stol već očišćen je. – wrong in standard Croatian.

Reason: je is a clitic and normally sits in the second position in the clause (after the first stressed word or phrase). In Stol je već očišćen, stol is the first stressed word, so je comes right after it – perfect.

• Stol je već očišćen.

  • Usually describes the current situation:
    
    • “The table has already been cleaned (now).”

• Stol je već bio očišćen.

  • Refers to a situation in the past relative to another past event, similar to English past perfect:
    
    • Stol je već bio očišćen kad sam stigao.
      – “The table had already been cleaned when I arrived.”

So je već bio očišćen = “had already been cleaned” (state in the past-before-past).

Approximate pronunciation: [o-CHI-sh-tyen].

Breakdown:

• o – like o in or (shorter)
• č – like ch in church
• i – like ee in see
• š – like sh in shoe
• ć – a soft ch sound, somewhat between English t and ch; softer than č
• en – like en in ten

So you get something like: o-ČI-šĆEN, with a small cluster šć in the middle.