مسحوق الغسيل ومنعم الملابس قرب الغسالة. البقعة على القميص.

In Arabic, the present-tense verb to be is usually omitted. So:

مسحوق الغسيل ومنعم الملابس قرب الغسالة
and
البقعة على القميص

are both normal nominal sentences, where Arabic simply puts the noun phrase and the location phrase together. English needs is/are, but Arabic usually does not in the present tense.

Because مسحوق الغسيل is an iḍāfa construction (a construct phrase).

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun does not take الـ
• the second noun determines whether the whole phrase is definite or indefinite

So in مسحوق الغسيل:

• مسحوق = the first part
• الغسيل = the second part

Even though مسحوق has no الـ, the whole phrase can still be definite because الغسيل is definite.

The same applies to منعم الملابس.

Both are noun + noun combinations in iḍāfa.

• مسحوق الغسيل = washing powder / laundry detergent
• منعم الملابس = fabric softener

The second noun specifies what kind of thing the first noun is related to. This is very common in Arabic and often corresponds to English expressions like:

• shirt collar
• car door
• laundry detergent

So Arabic uses structure where English might use of, an adjective, or another noun.

Here it functions as a noun, meaning softener.

It comes from the verb نعّم meaning to soften. In fully marked Arabic, it would be مُنَعِّم. In normal unvowelled writing, the shadda and short vowels are usually omitted, so you just see منعم.

So although it comes from a verbal pattern, in this sentence it is being used as the name of a product.

Both patterns exist.

In this sentence, قرب الغسالة means near the washing machine. Here قرب is functioning like a noun of place or quasi-preposition meaning near / in the vicinity of.

You can also say:

• قريب من الغسالة
• بالقرب من الغسالة

All are possible, but قرب الغسالة is short and natural in descriptive text.

Yes. The two nouns are joined by و (and), and the location phrase applies to both of them together.

So the structure is basically:

[مسحوق الغسيل] و [منعم الملابس] [قرب الغسالة]

That means both items are near the washing machine.

Yes, it can, although learners are often first taught that the mubtadaʾ is usually definite.

In real Arabic, an indefinite beginning is possible in several situations, especially when:

• the noun is part of an iḍāfa
• the sentence is descriptive
• the context makes it informative enough
• the style is like a caption, label, or scene description

So مسحوق الغسيل ومنعم الملابس قرب الغسالة is natural as a simple descriptive sentence.

This is a basic nominal sentence:

• البقعة = the topic / subject
• على القميص = the predicate, telling where it is

Arabic often uses this pattern:

noun + prepositional phrase

So البقعة على القميص is a very normal way to say that the stain is on the shirt.

You could change the order for emphasis, but this order is the most straightforward.

Because على means on, especially on a surface.

A stain is usually thought of as being on the shirt, not in it. So على القميص is the natural choice.

Using في القميص would suggest something more like inside the shirt or within it, which is not the usual meaning here.

Because the sentence is talking about a specific stain and a specific shirt.

• البقعة = the stain
• القميص = the shirt

Arabic uses الـ much like English the. If the speaker meant something non-specific, they could use indefinite forms instead.

A fully vocalized version would be:

مَسْحُوقُ الغَسِيلِ وَمُنَعِّمُ المَلَابِسِ قُرْبَ الغَسَّالَةِ. البُقْعَةُ عَلَى القَمِيصِ.

A few useful points:

• مسحوقُ and منعمُ are nominative here
• الغسيلِ and الملابسِ are genitive because they are the second part of an iḍāfa
• قربَ is accusative as an adverbial expression of place
• الغسالةِ is genitive after قرب
• البقعةُ is nominative
• القميصِ is genitive after على

In everyday reading and in much spoken MSA, these endings are often not pronounced fully.

الغسالة means the washing machine.

It comes from the root غ-س-ل, related to washing. It is a machine noun, so it literally means something like the washer / washing device.

This is also useful because you can see the same root in:

• غسيل = washing / laundry
• غسل = washing
• يغسل = he washes

So the sentence contains several words from the same root family, which is very common in Arabic vocabulary.