الطريق إلى السوق بعيد، فأذهب بالحافلة.

Because the first part, الطريق إلى السوق بعيد , is a nominal sentence in Arabic.

Arabic often makes statements without using a verb like is. So instead of saying something literally like The road to the market is far, Arabic simply says:

• الطريق = the road
• إلى السوق = to the market
• بعيد = far

So the idea of is is understood and does not need to be written.

Because الطريق is a masculine noun in Arabic, so the word describing it must also be masculine.

• الطريق = masculine
• بعيد = masculine form of far
• بعيدة = feminine form

Even though road is not grammatically masculine in English, Arabic nouns have grammatical gender, and طريق is treated as masculine in Modern Standard Arabic.

In this sentence, بعيد is the predicate of the nominal sentence, not an adjective directly attached to الطريق.

So Arabic normally uses:

• الطريق بعيد = the road is far

not:

• الطريق البعيد = the far road / the distant road

That second form would mean something different: it would describe which road you are talking about, rather than making a statement about the road.

إلى السوق is a prepositional phrase meaning to the market.

It helps specify which road is being talked about:

• الطريق = the road
• إلى السوق = to the market

So together:

• الطريق إلى السوق = the road to the market

Also, إلى is a preposition, so the noun after it takes the genitive case, which is why the fully vocalized form is السوقِ.

Because the sentence is talking about the market, not just a market.

• السوق = the market
• سوق = a market

Arabic uses definiteness a lot, and in many everyday contexts a place like the market is treated as something known or specific. If you said إلى سوقٍ, it would mean to a market, which sounds less specific.

The فـ here means something like:

• so
• therefore
• and so

It connects the two ideas:

• الطريق إلى السوق بعيد = the road to the market is far
• فأذهب بالحافلة = so I go by bus

This فـ often shows a result or consequence.

The Arabic imperfect verb form, here أذهب, can cover several meanings depending on context, including:

• I go
• I am going
• I usually go
• sometimes even a near-future sense

In this sentence, it most naturally sounds like a general or habitual statement:

• The road to the market is far, so I go by bus.

Arabic often relies on context rather than changing the verb form the way English does.

The أ is the marker for first person singular in the imperfect verb.

So:

• أذهب = I go
• تذهب = you go / she goes
• يذهب = he goes
• نذهب = we go

In other words, the verb itself already tells you the subject is I, so Arabic does not need to say أنا unless you want emphasis.

Because Arabic usually does not include the subject pronoun when the verb already makes it clear.

• أذهب already means I go
• أنا أذهب also means I go, but with extra emphasis on I

So the version in the sentence is the normal, natural one.

Here بـ means by in the sense of by means of or using.

So:

• بالحافلة = by bus

Arabic commonly uses بـ with means of transportation:

• بالسيارة = by car
• بالقطار = by train
• بالطائرة = by plane

Also, because بـ is a preposition, the noun after it is in the genitive case, so the fully vocalized form is بالحافلةِ.

Yes. In fully vocalized Modern Standard Arabic, the sentence would be:

الطريقُ إلى السوقِ بعيدٌ، فأذهبُ بالحافلةِ.

The endings are there for grammar:

• الطريقُ: nominative, because it is the subject of the nominal sentence
• السوقِ: genitive, because it comes after إلى
• بعيدٌ: nominative, because it is the predicate
• أذهبُ: indicative imperfect
• الحافلةِ: genitive, because it comes after بـ

In normal everyday writing, these short vowel endings are usually not written, but learners should know they are still understood grammatically.

Here الطريق إلى السوق is understood as one noun phrase:

• the road to the market

Then بعيد tells you something about that whole phrase:

• The road to the market is far

So إلى السوق is best understood as specifying which road, not as something attached directly to بعيد.

Yes, you may encounter some variation in Arabic, and some nouns can show flexibility in gender in actual usage. But in standard learning contexts, طريق is very commonly treated as masculine, which is why بعيد is the expected form here.

So for this sentence, بعيد is the form you should learn and use.