يمر الطريق قرب البيت.

Because verb–subject order is very common in Arabic, especially in straightforward descriptive sentences.

So:

• يمر الطريق = literally passes the road
• Natural English order: the road passes

Both of these are possible in Arabic:

• يمر الطريق قرب البيت = verb first
• الطريق يمر قرب البيت = subject first

They both mean essentially the same thing, though the first one is a very typical neutral Arabic sentence pattern.

The subject الطريق (the road) is masculine singular, so the verb is also masculine singular:

• يمر = he/it passes

Since الطريق is grammatically masculine, Arabic uses يمر.

If the subject were a feminine singular noun, you would usually see تمر instead.

يمر comes from the verb مَرَّ (to pass, to go by).

Its root is:

• م ر ر

This verb has a doubled last root consonant in many forms, which is why you hear and see a kind of strengthened r sound.

A fully vocalized form would be:

• يَمُرُّ = yamurru

So yes, the r is effectively doubled.

In الطريق, the ل of الـ is not pronounced normally, because ط is a sun letter.

So:

• written: الطريق
• pronounced: aṭ-ṭarīq

The ط gets emphasized and doubled in pronunciation.

This is a very common feature in Arabic:

• الشمس → ash-shams
• الطريق → aṭ-ṭarīq

الطريق is the subject of the sentence — the thing doing the action of passing.

So in:

• يمر الطريق قرب البيت

the structure is:

• يمر = the verb
• الطريق = the subject
• قرب البيت = a phrase telling you where

If full case endings were written, الطريق would be nominative:

• الطريقُ (aṭ-ṭarīqu)

Here قرب means near or nearby.

In this sentence, it functions like an adverbial/location expression:

• قرب البيت = near the house

So the whole sentence means that the road passes near the house.

You can think of قرب here as part of a location phrase rather than as the main noun nearness.

Because قرب البيت is a set phrase meaning near the house.

The word البيت tells us near what:

• قرب البيت = near the house
• قرب المدرسة = near the school
• قرب المدينة = near the city

In more formal grammar terms, قرب is often treated as a kind of adverbial noun in an iḍāfa-like construction, and the following noun is in the genitive.

Yes. A fully vocalized version would commonly be:

• يَمُرُّ الطَّرِيقُ قُرْبَ البَيْتِ

The endings are:

• يَمُرُّ = verb
• الطريقُ = subject, so nominative
• قربَ = adverbial accusative expression of place
• البيتِ = genitive after قرب in this construction

In normal everyday Arabic writing, these short vowels are usually not written.

Yes, definitely.

A very common alternative is:

• يمر الطريق بالقرب من البيت

This also means the road passes near the house.

The difference is mostly one of phrasing:

• قرب البيت = more compact
• بالقرب من البيت = also very common, slightly more explicit

Both are correct and natural.

No, not in this sentence.

Here يمر is being used intransitively, meaning to pass / to go by.

So:

• يمر الطريق قرب البيت = the road passes near the house

There is no direct object.
The phrase قرب البيت just tells us the location.

Yes. Depending on context, natural English translations could include:

• The road passes near the house
• The road goes by the house
• The road runs near the house

Arabic often allows a bit of flexibility in translation, and the best English version depends on context and style.

Because Arabic usually does not use a present-tense form of to be in simple sentences.

In this sentence, the main verb is already يمر (passes), so there is no need for is anyway.

More generally, Arabic often expresses present-time meaning without a separate word for is/am/are.

It can mean either, depending on context.

In a sentence like this, it most naturally sounds like a general fact:

• The road passes near the house
• The road runs near the house

But in the right context, the present tense in Arabic can also describe something happening now.

So Arabic present/imperfect tense is a bit broader than English simple present.

Usually, no change is needed here.

You can say:

• يمر الطريق قرب البيت
• الطريق يمر قرب البيت

Both are correct.

In this sentence, since the subject is singular masculine, the verb remains يمر either way.

What changes more noticeably in Arabic is often the word order and, in some cases, agreement patterns with plural subjects. For this singular subject, it stays simple.