يمر صديقي قرب الشجرة.

Because Arabic very often uses verb–subject order, especially in simple statements.

So:

• يمر صديقي = My friend passes / is passing
• literally: passes my friend

This is completely normal in Modern Standard Arabic.

You could also say:

• صديقي يمر قرب الشجرة

That is also correct, but it puts a little more focus on my friend.

يمر comes from the verb مَرَّ, which means:

• to pass
• to go by
• to pass by

So in this sentence, يمر means something like:

• passes
• is passing
• goes by

In Arabic, the present tense can cover both a simple present and a present progressive meaning, depending on context.

So يمر صديقي قرب الشجرة could mean:

• My friend passes near the tree
• My friend is passing near the tree
• My friend passes by the tree

Because the ending ـي means my.

Breakdown:

• صديق = friend
• صديقي = my friend

This ـي is a possessive suffix attached directly to the noun.

So Arabic often says possession in one word:

• كتابي = my book
• بيتي = my house
• صديقي = my friend

Because words with possessive suffixes are already definite.

So:

• صديق = a friend
• الصديق = the friend
• صديقي = my friend

You do not say الصديقي for my friend.

Possession already makes the noun definite.

صديقي is the subject of the verb يمر.

Even though it comes after the verb, it is still the subject.

So:

• يمر = the verb
• صديقي = the one doing the action

In traditional grammar terms, صديقي is the فاعل.

If full case endings are shown, it would be nominative:

• يَمُرُّ صَديقي

The final long -ī of صديقي hides the normal nominative ending, but grammatically it is still nominative.

Here قرب means near or close to.

So:

• قرب الشجرة = near the tree

In this sentence, قرب is functioning like an adverbial expression of place.

It is very common in Arabic to use words like this without adding a separate word for to.

So Arabic says:

• قرب الشجرة
• literally: near the tree

Because قرب can directly take a noun after it.

So:

• قرب الشجرة = near the tree

You do not need من here.

This is similar to other Arabic expressions of place where the following noun comes directly after the location word.

A learner may also see other ways to say something similar, such as:

• بالقرب من الشجرة = near the tree
• قريبًا من الشجرة or قريب من الشجرة in some contexts

But in your sentence, قرب الشجرة is a natural and straightforward structure.

Because it follows قرب.

In قرب الشجرة:

• قرب is a word of place
• the noun after it is in the genitive

So the fully vowelled form is:

• قُرْبَ الشَّجَرَةِ

Notice:

• قربَ ends with fatḥa
• الشجرةِ ends with kasra

This is a very common pattern in Arabic.

Because الشجرة means the tree.

Compare:

• شجرة = a tree
• الشجرة = the tree

So:

• قرب شجرة = near a tree
• قرب الشجرة = near the tree

The sentence uses the definite form, so it refers to a specific tree.

It is pronounced roughly:

• yamurru

The رّ has a shadda, which means the r sound is doubled or held slightly longer.

So it is not:

• yamuru

but:

• yamurru

That doubling is part of the verb’s form and must be pronounced.

A careful full pronunciation of the whole sentence is:

• yamurru ṣadīqī qurba ash-shajarati

In connected speech, الش is pronounced ash-sh because ش is a sun letter.

Because ش is one of the sun letters.

With sun letters, the ل of ال is not pronounced, and the next consonant is doubled.

So:

• الشجرة
• written with ال
• pronounced ash-shajara

This is a pronunciation rule only; the spelling stays the same.

It can be either, depending on context.

يمر can mean:

• passes
• is passing
• goes by

Arabic present tense is broader than English. Context tells you whether the meaning is habitual or happening right now.

For example:

• in a story: My friend is passing near the tree
• as a general fact: My friend passes near the tree

Both are possible.

Yes. That would also be correct, but it is slightly different in wording.

Compare:

• قرب الشجرة = near the tree
• بجانب الشجرة = beside / next to the tree

Both can be translated naturally as something like near the tree, but بجانب may sound a bit more like beside or alongside, depending on context.

So your original sentence is fine, and this would be another natural option.

A fully vowelled version is:

• يَمُرُّ صَدِيقِي قُرْبَ الشَّجَرَةِ

Breakdown:

• يَمُرُّ = verb, present tense
• صَدِيقِي = my friend
• قُرْبَ = near
• الشَّجَرَةِ = the tree in the genitive

These endings help show the grammar, especially in formal Arabic and careful reading.