الحشوة في سجل الأسنان.

In Arabic, the present tense often uses a nominal sentence with no expressed verb to be.

So:

الحشوة في سجل الأسنان
literally looks like: the filling in the dental record

but it naturally means:

The filling is in the dental record.

This is completely normal in Arabic. If you wanted the past tense, then Arabic would use a verb, for example:

كانت الحشوة في سجل الأسنان = The filling was in the dental record.

This sentence has two main parts:

• الحشوة = the topic/subject of the sentence
• في سجل الأسنان = the predicate, telling us where it is

More traditionally in Arabic grammar:

• الحشوة = مبتدأ
• في سجل الأسنان = خبر

The second part is a prepositional phrase beginning with في (in), and that whole phrase functions as the predicate.

Because this is an iḍāfa construction, often called a genitive construct.

سجل الأسنان literally means something like:

• record of the teeth
• more naturally in English: dental record

In an iḍāfa:

1. the first noun usually does not take ال
2. the second noun shows whether the whole phrase is definite or indefinite

So:

• سجل الأسنان = the dental record / the record of the teeth
• not السجل الأسنان

Even though سجل has no ال, the whole phrase is definite because الأسنان is definite.

Arabic often expresses ideas like English adjectives by using a noun in an iḍāfa phrase.

So instead of an adjective like dental, Arabic may say:

• سجل الأسنان = record of the teeth = dental record

This is very common. English often prefers an adjective, while Arabic often prefers a noun relationship.

So the Arabic is not strange; it is just using a structure that is natural in Arabic.

A fully vowelled version is:

الحَشْوَةُ في سِجِلِّ الأَسْنانِ

A rough pronunciation is:

al-ḥashwatu fī sijilli l-asnāni

A few notes:

• الحشوةُ ends in -u because it is the subject of the nominal sentence
• سِجِلِّ ends in -i because it comes after في
• الأَسنانِ also ends in -i because it is the second term of the iḍāfa

In normal everyday writing, these case endings are usually not written.

If we show the full case endings, we get:

الحَشْوَةُ في سِجِلِّ الأَسْنانِ

Here is why:

• الحشوةُ is nominative because it is the mubtadaʾ (the starting noun / subject-like element)
• في is a preposition, and prepositions make the following noun genitive
• so سجلِّ is genitive
• الأسنانِ is also genitive because it is the second noun in the iḍāfa

So both nouns after في end up in the genitive.

Yes, الحشوة is grammatically feminine.

You can often recognize that because it ends in ة (tāʾ marbūṭa), which is a very common marker of feminine nouns.

In context, حشوة means filling, and in dental contexts it commonly means a dental filling.

Not every word ending in ة is interpreted the same way semantically, but grammatically it is a strong clue that the noun is feminine.

Not always. حشوة has a broader basic meaning of filling, stuffing, or padding, depending on context.

For example, in different contexts it could refer to:

• a dental filling
• stuffing inside food
• padding or filling material

In this sentence, because the context is سجل الأسنان (dental record), the meaning dental filling is the natural one.

Not as naturally.

Because الحشوة is definite (the filling), the sentence is most naturally understood as:

The filling is in the dental record.

If you wanted a more natural existential meaning like There is a filling in the dental record, Arabic would usually use an indefinite noun, for example:

• في سجل الأسنان حشوةٌ
• هناك حشوةٌ في سجل الأسنان

Both of those are closer to There is a filling in the dental record.

So definiteness matters a lot here:

• الحشوة = the filling
• حشوةٌ = a filling

Yes, Arabic has some flexibility, but the neutral order here is:

الحشوة في سجل الأسنان

That starts with the topic الحشوة and then gives its location.

You could also place the prepositional phrase first in some contexts:

في سجل الأسنان الحشوة

but that would usually sound more marked, context-dependent, or stylistically unusual as an isolated sentence.

For a learner, the given order is the safest and most straightforward one to use.