يتذوق صديقي الصلصة.

A fully vocalized version is يَتَذَوَّقُ صَدِيقِي الصَّلْصَةَ.

A careful pronunciation is:

• yataḏawwaqu ṣadīqī aṣ-ṣalṣata if you continue into more speech
• yataḏawwaqu ṣadīqī aṣ-ṣalṣa if you stop at the end of the sentence, which is very common

A few sound notes:

• ذ sounds like th in this
• ص is an emphatic s
• ق is a deep q sound, farther back than English k

Because that is a very common word order in Modern Standard Arabic.

This sentence uses verb–subject–object:

• يتذوق = verb
• صديقي = subject
• الصلصة = object

So the structure is literally:

• tastes my friend the sauce

That sounds strange in English, but it is normal in Arabic.

You can also say صديقي يتذوق الصلصة. That uses subject–verb–object, which is also correct. The difference is mostly one of style or emphasis.

يتذوق is a present / non-past verb in the third person masculine singular.

So it means:

• he tastes
• he is tasting
• sometimes he tastes habitually, depending on context

Its basic dictionary form is تَذَوَّقَ.

Its root is ذ-و-ق, which is connected with tasting.

Because Arabic verbs already include the subject information.

In يتذوق, the verb itself tells you the subject is:

• third person
• masculine
• singular

So يتذوق already means he tastes / he is tasting.

Then صديقي is added to tell you who that he is: my friend.

That means Arabic often does not need a separate pronoun like English does.

Because the ending ـي is a possessive suffix meaning my.

Breakdown:

• صديق = friend
• صديقي = my friend

So Arabic often attaches possessive words directly to the noun instead of using a separate word like English my.

Also, once a noun has a possessive suffix, it is already definite. That is why you do not put الـ on صديقي.

الـ is the Arabic definite article, meaning the.

So:

• صلصة = sauce
• الصلصة = the sauce

In this sentence, the object is definite, so الـ is used.

Because ص is a sun letter.

With sun letters, the l sound of الـ is not pronounced separately. Instead, it assimilates to the next consonant.

So:

• written: الصلصة
• pronounced: aṣ-ṣalṣa

You will often see this in Arabic:

• الشمس is pronounced ash-shams
• الصوت is pronounced aṣ-ṣawt

The spelling stays the same, but the pronunciation changes.

Because most normal Arabic writing leaves out short vowel marks.

So you see:

• يتذوق صديقي الصلصة

But the fully vowelled version is:

• يَتَذَوَّقُ صَدِيقِي الصَّلْصَةَ

This is very normal in Arabic. Native readers usually understand the vowels from grammar, vocabulary, and context.

Also, the word يتذوق would normally have a doubled و sound in full vocalization: يَتَذَوَّقُ. That doubling is not shown in plain unvowelled writing.

Grammatically:

• صديقي is the subject, so it is nominative
• الصلصةَ is the direct object, so it is accusative

In a fully marked version, the object would appear as الصلصةَ with fatḥa.

A useful thing to know: in ordinary writing, these case endings are usually not written, and at the end of a sentence they are often not pronounced in pause.

يتذوق usually means to taste or to savor.

It often suggests:

• trying the flavor of something
• sampling something
• paying attention to its taste

يأكل means to eat.

So يتذوق الصلصة suggests tasting the sauce, not necessarily eating a full amount of it.

Yes, absolutely.

Both are correct:

• يتذوق صديقي الصلصة
• صديقي يتذوق الصلصة

The first is a common verbal sentence style in MSA. The second gives a little more prominence to my friend as the topic.

In this particular sentence, the basic meaning stays the same.