يستعمل صديقي الملعقة الخشبية من أجل هرس المكون.

يستعمل means he uses or he is using.

The يـ at the beginning is a normal marker of the imperfect verb form in Arabic. In this sentence, يستعمل is:

• 3rd person
• masculine
• singular

So it matches صديقي = my friend.

The verb comes from استعمل = to use / employ. In grammar terms, this is a Form X verb.

Because verb-subject-object order is very common in Modern Standard Arabic.

So:

• يستعمل صديقي... = My friend uses...

This is completely normal Arabic word order.

You could also say:

• صديقي يستعمل الملعقة الخشبية...

That is also correct, but it has a slightly different feel, with more emphasis on my friend.

Arabic often shows possession by attaching a suffix directly to the noun.

• صديق = friend
• ـي = my

So:

• صديقي = my friend

There is no separate word for my here.

Also, a possessed noun is automatically definite, so صديقي refers to a specific friend, not just any friend.

الملعقة is the direct object of يستعمل.

In other words, it is the thing being used.

If you add full case endings, it would be:

• الملعقةَ

The ـَ ending shows the accusative case, which is typical for a direct object in MSA.

Because الخشبية is an adjective describing الملعقة, and Arabic adjectives must agree with the noun they describe.

Since ملعقة is:

• feminine
• singular
• definite

the adjective must also be:

• feminine
• singular
• definite

So:

• خشبي = wooden for a masculine noun
• خشبية = wooden for a feminine noun

And because the noun is definite with الـ, the adjective also takes الـ:

• الملعقة الخشبية = the wooden spoon

In Arabic, if a noun is definite, its adjective must also be definite.

So:

• ملعقة خشبية = a wooden spoon
• الملعقة الخشبية = the wooden spoon

This matching of definiteness is a basic rule of Arabic adjective agreement.

من أجل means for the sake of, for the purpose of, or more naturally in English, in order to.

So here it introduces the purpose of using the spoon:

• من أجل هرس المكون = in order to mash the ingredient

This expression is common in formal Arabic and written MSA.

Because هرس here is a verbal noun (called a maṣdar), not a finite verb.

Arabic very often uses:

• a preposition or phrase of purpose
• followed by a maṣdar

where English would use to + verb.

So:

• من أجل هرس المكون

is literally something like:

• for the mashing of the ingredient

but in natural English it becomes:

• in order to mash the ingredient

An alternative Arabic structure would be something like:

• لكي يهرس المكون

which uses a conjugated verb instead.

After the verbal noun هرس, Arabic can attach its object in an iḍāfa-like structure:

• هرس المكون

This means mashing the ingredient.

In fully marked MSA, المكون would be in the genitive here, because it is the second part of that construction:

• هرسِ المكونِ

So even though المكون is logically the thing being mashed, its form here is shaped by the noun construction after هرس.

Yes, it could be indefinite in a different sentence.

Here, المكون is definite because the sentence is talking about a specific ingredient, or one already understood from context:

• المكون = the ingredient

If you wanted an ingredient or some ingredient, you might use an indefinite form instead:

• مكوّن

So the choice between definite and indefinite depends on meaning and context.

Yes. In normal Arabic writing, short vowels and many case endings are usually not written.

A more fully marked version of the sentence would look like this:

• يستعملُ صديقي الملعقةَ الخشبيةَ من أجلِ هرسِ المكوّنِ

This shows:

• يستعملُ = verb, with final ـُ
• الملعقةَ = direct object, accusative
• الخشبيةَ = adjective agreeing with the object
• أجلِ = after من, so genitive
• هرسِ المكوّنِ = genitive structure after من أجل

In everyday texts, these endings are usually left out, and readers understand them from grammar and context.