يستعمل صديقي لوح التقطيع من أجل فرم المكون.

يستعمل is in the imperfect form, which often covers:

• the present: he is using
• the habitual present: he uses
• sometimes the near future, depending on context

In this sentence, the most natural reading is habitual or general: My friend uses...

The يـ at the beginning shows it is a third-person masculine singular verb: he uses.

Arabic often uses verb-first word order in MSA, so Verb + Subject + Object is very common.

So:

• يستعمل صديقي... = My friend uses...
• صديقي يستعمل... is also possible

The second version puts a bit more focus on my friend, while the first is a very normal neutral MSA structure.

صديقي means my friend.

The ending ـي is the possessive suffix my. So:

• صديق = a friend / friend
• صديقي = my friend

When a noun takes a possessive suffix like ـي, it is already definite, so you do not add الـ.

That is why:

• صديقي is correct
• الصديقي is not correct here

This is an iḍāfa construction, often called a genitive construction or noun-noun phrase.

Literally, it is something like:

• لوح = board
• التقطيع = the cutting

So لوح التقطيع literally means board of cutting, which in natural English is cutting board.

A few important things about iḍāfa:

• the first noun usually does not take الـ
• the second noun can be definite
• the definiteness of the whole phrase depends on the second noun

So لوح التقطيع is a normal way to say the cutting board.

Because in an iḍāfa construction, the first noun normally appears without الـ.

So Arabic does not usually say:

• اللوح التقطيع for this meaning

Instead, it says:

• لوح التقطيع

The second noun, التقطيع, makes the whole phrase definite.

This is a very common Arabic pattern, so it is worth getting used to early.

التقطيع is a verbal noun (also called a maṣdar) from the verb meaning to cut or to chop.

Arabic often uses verbal nouns in places where English might also use a noun:

• cutting board
• literally: board of cutting

This is very normal in Arabic. Instead of building the phrase with a relative clause like the board that is used for cutting, Arabic often uses a compact noun phrase like لوح التقطيع.

من أجل means for the sake of, for, or in order to.

In this sentence, it introduces purpose:

• من أجل فرم المكون = in order to mince/chop the ingredient

It is a common formal MSA expression.

A shorter and very common alternative is لِـ:

• يستعمل صديقي لوح التقطيع لفرم المكوّن

That means essentially the same thing.

Because after من أجل, Arabic commonly uses a verbal noun rather than a finite verb.

So:

• فرم = mincing / chopping
• من أجل فرم... = for the purpose of mincing/chopping...

This is similar to English using for cutting or for chopping rather than for he chops.

If you wanted a clause with a verb instead, you would usually choose a different structure, such as one with كي or حتى in the right context.

That depends on the intended meaning.

• المكوّن = the ingredient / the component
• المكوّنات = the ingredients / the components

If the sentence is talking about one specific ingredient, the singular is fine.

If the idea is more general, especially in a cooking context, learners might expect the plural:

• لفرم المكوّنات = to mince/chop the ingredients

So the singular is not wrong, but the plural may be more natural in some contexts.

The sentence is understandable and basically grammatical, but many speakers would probably make it a little shorter or more idiomatic.

A very natural version would be:

• يستعمل صديقي لوح التقطيع لفرم المكوّن.

If you mean ingredients in general, an even more natural version might be:

• يستعمل صديقي لوح التقطيع لفرم المكوّنات.

Also, depending on exactly what action you mean, تقطيع may fit better than فرم in some situations:

• تقطيع = cutting/chopping
• فرم = mincing

So the best wording can depend on the cooking context.