قفاز الفرن قرب صينية الخبز.

A careful MSA reading is:

quffāzu l-furni qurba ṣīniyyati l-khubzi

In normal pause-style reading, learners often hear something closer to:

quffāz al-furn qurb ṣīniyyat al-khubz

A few sound notes:

• ق = a deep q sound, not an English k
• خ = like ch in Scottish loch or German Bach
• ص = a heavier, emphatic s
• قُفّاز has a doubled f sound

Because Arabic often uses a verbless sentence in the present tense.

So:

• قفاز الفرن = the oven glove
• قرب صينية الخبز = near the bread tray

Together, Arabic simply says:

قفاز الفرن قرب صينية الخبز
Literally: The oven glove near the bread tray
Natural English: The oven glove is near the bread tray

In present-tense Arabic, is/am/are is usually omitted.

It is an iḍāfa construction, often called a construct phrase.

Structure:

• قفاز = glove
• الفرن = the oven

Together:

• قفاز الفرن = the oven glove / the oven mitt

This same pattern appears again in:

• صينية الخبز = the bread tray / the baking tray

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun usually does not take ال
• the second noun is in the genitive
• the whole phrase can become definite because of the second noun

Because in an iḍāfa, the first noun normally does not take الـ.

So Arabic says:

• قفاز الفرن not
• القفاز الفرن

Even without الـ on قفاز, the whole phrase is still definite because الفرن is definite.

So:

• قفاز فرن = an oven glove
• قفاز الفرن = the oven glove

This is very different from English, where both words can stay unchanged in compounds.

Literally, yes, it looks like glove of the oven, but that does not necessarily mean ownership.

An iḍāfa can show many relationships, such as:

• possession
• type
• purpose
• material
• association

So here قفاز الفرن means something like:

• oven glove
• glove for the oven
• oven mitt

Likewise, صينية الخبز does not have to mean that the bread “owns” the tray. It means a tray associated with bread or baking.

قرب here means near.

In this sentence, it works like a noun/adverb of place:

• قرب صينية الخبز = near the bread tray

Grammatically, قرب is followed directly by a noun phrase, and that following phrase is in a construct relationship with it.

So the sentence is basically:

• قفاز الفرن = topic/subject
• قرب صينية الخبز = location/predicate

Because this pattern uses قرب directly.

So you can say:

• قرب صينية الخبز = near the bread tray

But if you use other expressions, then من often appears:

• قريب من صينية الخبز = near the bread tray
• بالقرب من صينية الخبز = near the bread tray

So:

• قرب + noun
• قريب من + noun
• بالقرب من + noun

All are possible, but they are slightly different structures.

Yes. That would also be correct.

For example:

• قفاز الفرن قريب من صينية الخبز

This is a little more explicit because قريب is an adjective meaning near, followed by من.

The original sentence:

• قفاز الفرن قرب صينية الخبز

is shorter and more compact. It sounds like a simple description or label-style sentence.

Yes, here صينية means tray, pan, or baking tray, depending on context.

You are right that unvowelled Arabic can be ambiguous:

• صينية can also be the feminine form of Chinese

But context makes the meaning clear here:

• صينية الخبز = bread tray / baking tray

So in this sentence, it is definitely the noun tray, not the adjective Chinese.

A fully vowelled version is:

قُفّازُ الفُرْنِ قُرْبَ صِينِيَّةِ الخُبْزِ

Why these endings?

• قُفّازُ: nominative, because it is the subject/topic
• الفُرْنِ: genitive, because it is the second part of an iḍāfa
• قُرْبَ: accusative, because it is functioning as an adverbial expression of place
• صِينِيَّةِ: genitive, because it follows قرب in a construct-type relationship
• الخُبْزِ: genitive, because it is the second part of صينية الخبز

In normal modern reading and speech, those final short vowels are often not pronounced.

Yes, but the emphasis may change.

The given order:

• قفاز الفرن قرب صينية الخبز

is a straightforward, neutral way to say it.

If you want to highlight the location, Arabic can front that part, though it becomes more marked:

• قرب صينية الخبز قفاز الفرن

A fuller alternative would be:

• يوجد قفاز الفرن قرب صينية الخبز = the oven glove is located near the bread tray

For a learner, the original order is the simplest and most useful to start with.