البيض على الطاولة.

Because Arabic often leaves out the verb to be in the present tense.

So البيض على الطاولة literally looks like:

• البيض = the eggs
• على الطاولة = on the table

But it means The eggs are on the table.

This is called a nominal sentence in Arabic. In the present tense, Arabic usually does not say is or are.

Here البيض means the eggs.

A useful thing to know is:

• بيضة = one egg
• بيض = eggs, or egg(s) as a collective/group word

So even though English clearly separates egg and eggs, Arabic often uses بيض as a collective noun for eggs in general.

Because both nouns are definite:

• البيض = the eggs
• الطاولة = the table

The article الـ is the Arabic word for the.

So the sentence is specifically talking about known eggs and a known table, not just any eggs and any table.

If you wanted something more indefinite, like eggs are on a table, you would use indefinite forms instead.

على means on or on top of.

So:

• على الطاولة = on the table

It is the normal preposition to use when something is physically resting on a surface.

There actually is one: الطاولة.

Arabic does not need an extra linking word here. The structure is simply:

• noun: البيض
• prepositional phrase: على الطاولة

So Arabic says, in effect:

• The eggs — on the table

and the meaning are is understood.

In writing, it is الطاولة, but in pronunciation the l of الـ changes here because ط is a sun letter.

So it is pronounced more like:

• aṭ-ṭāwila

not al-ṭāwila.

This happens because the l sound of الـ assimilates to the first letter of the noun when that letter is a sun letter.

By contrast, البيض keeps the l sound, because ب is a moon letter:

• al-bayḍ

A simple pronunciation is:

al-bayḍ ʿalā aṭ-ṭāwila

A more careful fully inflected MSA pronunciation would be:

al-bayḍu ʿalā aṭ-ṭāwilati

But many learners first learn it without the case endings, which is completely normal.

A rough pronunciation guide:

• البيض = al-bayḍ
• على = ʿalā
• الطاولة = aṭ-ṭāwila

The sound ع in على is the letter ʿayn, which has no exact English equivalent.

The sentence has two main parts:

• البيض = the subject/topic
• على الطاولة = the predicate, telling where the eggs are

More traditionally in Arabic grammar:

• البيض is the مبتدأ
• على الطاولة is the خبر

So the structure is very common in Arabic:

noun + prepositional phrase

meaning something like:

X is in/on/under Y

Yes, in fully inflected MSA there are.

They would be:

• البيضُ with -u because it is the مبتدأ and is nominative
• الطاولةِ with -i because it comes after the preposition على, so it is genitive

So the fully inflected form is:

البيضُ على الطاولةِ

In normal unvowelled writing, these endings are usually not shown.

Yes, but البيض على الطاولة is the most straightforward order for a learner.

You may also see something like:

على الطاولة البيض

This can be used for emphasis or style, but the basic beginner pattern is better learned as:

subject + location phrase

So:

• البيض على الطاولة = The eggs are on the table

Yes. In unvowelled Arabic writing, بيض can be ambiguous in some contexts and may relate to the idea of white as well.

But in this sentence, the natural meaning is eggs, because the phrase on the table makes that interpretation clear.

So for a learner, the intended reading here is simply:

• البيض = the eggs