باقة الزهور قرب العروس.

Because Arabic usually leaves out the present-tense verb to be in simple statements like this.

So the sentence is understood as:

• باقة الزهور = the subject
• قرب العروس = the predicate, meaning near the bride

This is called a nominal sentence in Arabic.
If you wanted a past meaning, you would normally add كان or كانت, for example:

• كانت باقة الزهور قرب العروس = the bouquet of flowers was near the bride

Yes. It is an iḍāfa construction, often translated as an of-phrase in English.

Here:

• باقة = bouquet / bunch
• الزهور = the flowers

So باقة الزهور literally works like bouquet of the flowers, though in natural English we often just say the bouquet of flowers or the flower bouquet.

In Arabic, iḍāfa is extremely common, and it is one of the main ways to connect two nouns.

Because in an iḍāfa construction, the first noun normally does not take الـ.

So Arabic says:

• باقة الزهور

not:

• الباقة الزهور

Even without الـ on باقة, the whole phrase can still be definite because the second noun الزهور is definite.

That means باقة الزهور is understood as a definite phrase.

Yes, and the meaning changes slightly.

• باقة الزهور = a definite phrase, roughly the bouquet of flowers
• باقة زهورٍ = an indefinite phrase, roughly a bouquet of flowers

So the definiteness of the second noun affects the whole iḍāfa phrase.

This is a very important pattern in Arabic:

• definite second noun → whole iḍāfa becomes definite
• indefinite second noun → whole iḍāfa stays indefinite

Here قرب means near or close to.

For a beginner, it is fine to think of it as working almost like a preposition.
More technically, it is often treated as an adverbial noun of place, and it forms another linked construction with the following noun:

• قرب العروس = near the bride

So the sentence has:

• one iḍāfa in باقة الزهور
• another linked phrase in قرب العروس

Because it comes after قرب in this construction.

In careful grammatical analysis:

• العروس is the noun attached to قرب
• that makes it genitive

So if full case endings were written, it would be:

• العروسِ

This is similar to how nouns after prepositions are often genitive in Arabic.

A careful fully vowelled version would be:

باقَةُ الزُّهورِ قُرْبَ العَروسِ

A grammatical breakdown:

• باقَةُ: nominative, because it is the subject
• الزُّهورِ: genitive, because it is the second noun in the iḍāfa
• قُرْبَ: accusative as an adverbial expression of place
• العَروسِ: genitive, because it follows قرب in this construction

In normal everyday Arabic writing, these short vowels are usually not written.

This is a great question.

When باقة is said by itself, the final ة is usually pronounced like -ah in pause:

• باقة ≈ bāqah

But here it is the first word in an iḍāfa, so the ة is pronounced as t:

• باقَةُ الزهور ≈ bāqatu z-zuhūr

This is a very common rule:

• ة often sounds like t when the word is followed grammatically by another word in a connected construction

Because ز is a sun letter.

When الـ comes before a sun letter, the l sound is not pronounced, and the next consonant is doubled.

So:

• الزهور is written with ال
• but pronounced az-zuhūr

By contrast, العروس keeps the l sound because ع is a moon letter:

• al-ʿarūs

Yes. For example:

• باقة الزهور بالقرب من العروس
• باقة الزهور قريبة من العروس

These also mean that the bouquet is near the bride.

The version you were given, باقة الزهور قرب العروس, is short, natural, and elegant. For a learner, it is useful because it shows:

• a nominal sentence
• an iḍāfa
• a common expression of place

Yes, Arabic word order is somewhat flexible.

The most straightforward order here is:

• باقة الزهور قرب العروس

But for emphasis or style, Arabic could also place the location first:

• قرب العروس باقة الزهور

That kind of change can sound more literary or marked. For learners, the original order is the safest pattern to use first:

• subject first
• location/predicate after it