يشعل صديقي نار المخيم بالقداحة والحطب.

Yes. In Arabic, starting with the verb is very common. This is called a verbal sentence.

• يشعل = he lights / ignites
• صديقي = my friend

So the structure here is:

• verb + subject + object + prepositional phrase(s)

Arabic could also say صديقي يشعل..., but يشعل صديقي... is a very normal MSA pattern.

In MSA, when the verb comes before the subject, the verb is usually kept in the singular form, even if the subject is dual or plural.

Here the subject is singular anyway:

• صديقي = my friend

So يشعل means he lights and matches a singular masculine subject.

This is one of the most important patterns to notice:

• يشعل صديقي... = My friend lights...

If the subject came first, the agreement pattern would still work normally:

• صديقي يشعل...

يشعل comes from the verb أشعل / يشعل, which means:

• to ignite
• to light
• to set alight

In this sentence, it means lights or starts a fire.

It is in the imperfect tense, which can mean:

• present: he lights
• habitual: he lights
• sometimes near-future depending on context

So without extra context, يشعل صديقي... can mean my friend lights... or my friend is lighting...

Because صديق means friend, and the ending ـي means my.

So:

• صديق = friend
• صديقي = my friend

This ـي is a possessive suffix. Arabic often attaches possessive words directly to the noun instead of using a separate word like my.

Also, a noun with a possessive suffix is automatically definite, so صديقي already means my friend, not just a friend of mine in a loose sense.

Because possession already makes the noun definite.

• صديق = a friend / friend
• صديقي = my friend

In Arabic, you generally do not say الصديقي for my friend. The possessive suffix ـي already does the job of making it definite.

نار المخيم is an iḍāfa construction, often called a genitive construction or noun annexation.

It is made of:

• نار = fire
• المخيم = the camp

Together:

• نار المخيم = the camp’s fire
• more naturally in English: the campfire or the fire of the camp

In an iḍāfa:

1. the first noun does not take ال
2. the second noun shows the definiteness

Because المخيم is definite, the whole phrase نار المخيم is definite.

Because in an iḍāfa construction, the first noun usually does not take ال.

So Arabic says:

• نار المخيم

not:

• النار المخيم

The first noun is defined by its relationship to the second noun. Since المخيم is definite, the whole phrase becomes definite.

This is a very common Arabic pattern:

• باب البيت = the door of the house
• كتاب الطالب = the student’s book
• نار المخيم = the campfire / the fire of the camp

Because it is the second term of an iḍāfa.

The word مخيم means camp, and المخيم means the camp.

In نار المخيم, the second noun is in the genitive role because iḍāfa makes the second noun grammatically dependent on the first.

So the structure is:

• نار = first noun
• المخيم = second noun, in the genitive relationship

In fully vowelled Arabic, you would expect something like نارَ المخيّمِ in this sentence, because:

• نار is the direct object here
• المخيم is genitive as the second part of the iḍāfa

بالقداحة means with the lighter.

It breaks down as:

• بـ = with / by means of
• القداحة = the lighter

When بـ is attached to a word beginning with ال, they combine in writing:

• بـ + القداحة = بالقداحة

Here بـ shows the instrument used to light the fire:

• بالقداحة = using the lighter

Because Arabic often uses بـ to express the tool or means by which something is done.

So:

• بالقداحة = with the lighter
• literally: by means of the lighter

This is very common with instruments:

• بالقلم = with the pen
• بالسكين = with the knife
• باليد = by hand / with the hand

In this sentence, بـ tells you what your friend uses to light the fire.

Because in Arabic, as in English, one preposition can govern two coordinated nouns.

So:

• بالقداحة والحطب

means:

• with the lighter and the firewood

The بـ applies to both nouns, even though it is only written once.

Arabic could repeat it for emphasis or clarity in some contexts, but it does not have to. The version here is completely normal.

الحطب means firewood or wood for burning.

It often refers to wood used as fuel for a fire, not just any piece of wood.

So in this sentence:

• بالقداحة والحطب = with the lighter and the firewood

That makes good sense: one thing starts the flame, and the other serves as fuel.

Yes.

The verb يشعل takes an object: the thing being lit or ignited.

So the sentence breaks down like this:

• يشعل = verb
• صديقي = subject
• نار المخيم = direct object
• بالقداحة والحطب = prepositional phrase explaining the means/instruments

So the meaning is basically:

• My friend lights the campfire with the lighter and the firewood.

Yes. In normal unvowelled Arabic writing, the short case endings are usually not written, but they are still part of the grammar.

If fully vowelled, the sentence would be approximately:

• يُشْعِلُ صَديقي نارَ المُخَيَّمِ بِالقَدّاحَةِ وَالحَطَبِ

The roles are:

• يُشْعِلُ: verb
• صديقي: subject, so nominative in function
• نارَ: direct object, so accusative
• المخيّمِ: genitive because it is the second noun in iḍāfa
• بالقداحةِ: genitive after بـ
• الحطبِ: also understood under the same preposition, so genitive in function

One tricky point: with صديقي, the final ـي makes the visible case ending less obvious.

Because the verb already tells you the person, number, and gender.

• يشعل = he lights

Arabic does not need to add a separate pronoun like هو unless there is a special reason, such as emphasis or contrast.

So:

• يشعل صديقي... = My friend lights...

is perfectly complete without هو.

Yes. The Arabic imperfect verb can cover several meanings depending on context.

So يشعل could mean:

• he lights
• he is lighting
• he lights regularly

Context decides which English translation is best.

That is very normal in Arabic. The form itself does not always force one single English tense choice.