البحيرة قرب الجبل والمخيم.

In Modern Standard Arabic, the verb to be is normally omitted in the present tense.

So:

البحيرة قرب الجبل والمخيم
literally looks like
the lake near the mountain and the camp

but it means
The lake is near the mountain and the camp.

This is completely normal Arabic grammar.

It is a complete sentence.

It is a nominal sentence:

• البحيرة = the subject
• قرب الجبل والمخيم = the predicate, telling you where the lake is

So even without a verb, it is a full sentence in Arabic.

الـ is the Arabic definite article, equivalent to the in English.

So:

• البحيرة = the lake
• الجبل = the mountain
• المخيم = the camp

Arabic usually attaches الـ directly to the noun, instead of using a separate word like English the.

Here قرب means near or in the vicinity of.

In this sentence, it works like a location word:

• قرب الجبل = near the mountain

A helpful way to think of it is:

• قرب = near / close to

Grammatically, it behaves like a noun or adverbial expression of place rather than a normal preposition.

Because this structure is different from قريب من.

Arabic has two common ways to say near:

1. قرب + noun

   • البحيرة قرب الجبل
   • The lake is near the mountain

2. قريب / قريبة من + noun

   • البحيرة قريبة من الجبل
   • The lake is near the mountain

Both are correct.
Your sentence uses the first pattern: قرب + noun.

Yes. That is also correct, and many learners find it easier because it feels closer to English structure.

Compare:

• البحيرة قرب الجبل والمخيم
• البحيرة قريبة من الجبل والمخيم

Both mean essentially the same thing.

The difference is mainly grammatical style:

• قرب = near
• قريبة من = close to / near

Because البحيرة is feminine, the adjective is قريبة and not قريب.

Because الجبل and المخيم are joined by و meaning and.

So:

• قرب الجبل والمخيم = near the mountain and the camp

You do not need to repeat قرب before the second noun.

This means the lake is near both places.

In Arabic, each definite noun normally takes its own الـ.

So Arabic says:

• الجبل والمخيم

not:

• الجبل ومخيم if you mean the mountain and the camp

This is different from English, where the can sometimes cover more than one noun.

A fully vocalized version would be:

البُحَيْرَةُ قُرْبَ الجَبَلِ وَالمُخَيَّمِ

Here is the grammar behind the endings:

• البُحَيْرَةُ: subject, so it is nominative
• قُرْبَ: an adverbial expression of place, so it is accusative
• الجَبَلِ: after قرب in this structure, so it is genitive
• المُخَيَّمِ: joined to الجبل, so it is also genitive

In normal everyday writing, these short vowels are usually omitted.

A simple pronunciation is:

al-buḥayrah qurb al-jabal wal-mukhayyam

A more careful fully inflected reading is:

al-buḥayratu qurb(a) al-jabali wal-mukhayyami

A few useful notes:

• ة at the end of البحيرة is usually pronounced like -a / -ah when pausing
• و in والمخيم is pronounced wa-
• المخيم is pronounced al-mukhayyam

So the sentence flows roughly as:

al-bu-HAY-rah qurb al-JA-bal wal-mu-KHAY-yam