رغم أن جواز السفر ساري المفعول، يجدده مقدم الطلب.

It introduces a contrast, basically although / even though / despite the fact that.

So the sentence has this shape:

• رغم أن ... = although ...
• main clause after that = what still happens in spite of the first idea

This is very common in formal Arabic.

You can compare:

• رغم المطر = despite the rain
• رغم أن الجو ممطر = although the weather is rainy

In your sentence, the contrast is between the passport being valid and the applicant renewing it anyway.

Yes, that is how it is understood.

In normal Arabic writing, short vowels and shadda are usually not written, so أن can stand for أنَّ in context. After رغم, what is meant here is أنَّ, which introduces a full clause.

If you fully vocalized the sentence, it would be something like:

رغم أنَّ جوازَ السفرِ ساريُ المفعولِ، يجدِّدُهُ مقدِّمُ الطلبِ.

That also explains the grammar of the next words:

• أنَّ makes its noun accusative
• so underlyingly it is جوازَ
• and the predicate ساريُ المفعولِ is nominative

In everyday unvocalized text, none of those endings are shown.

ساري المفعول is a fixed formal expression meaning:

• valid
• in force
• effective

You see it a lot in legal, bureaucratic, and official language.

So for documents, laws, permits, contracts, etc., ساري المفعول means they are still officially active and usable.

Examples:

• جواز سفر ساري المفعول = a valid passport
• القانون ساري المفعول = the law is in force

It is more formal than just using a simple everyday adjective.

يجدده can be broken into three parts:

• يـ = present-tense marker
• جدد = the verb stem, from Form II جدّد = to renew
• ـه = it / him (here: it)

So:

• جدّد = he renewed
• يجدّد = he renews / is renewing
• يجدّده = he renews it

The pronoun ـه is attached directly to the verb, which is very common in Arabic.

A helpful pronunciation is:

• yujaddiduhu

It refers to جواز السفر.

More specifically, it agrees with the head noun جواز, which is masculine singular. That is why the pronoun is ـه = it (masculine singular).

Even though جواز السفر has two words, it is a single noun phrase:

• جواز = passport
• السفر = travel
• together: passport

So Arabic treats جواز السفر as one unit, and the pronoun points back to that whole phrase.

Because Arabic very often uses verb-first word order.

Here the structure is:

• يجدده = renews it
• مقدم الطلب = the applicant

So the sentence is following a normal Arabic pattern where the verb comes before the subject.

Also, because the object is attached as a pronoun to the verb, the order looks like this:

• verb + object pronoun + subject

That is completely natural in Arabic.

You could also say:

مقدم الطلب يجدده

but that puts more emphasis on the applicant as the subject. The original order sounds more neutral and typical of formal written Arabic.

مقدم الطلب is a formal administrative expression meaning the applicant.

Literally, it is something like:

• مقدم = submitter / presenter
• الطلب = the application / request

So the whole phrase means the person submitting the application.

This is an iḍāfa construction, so:

• مقدم is the first term
• الطلب is the second term

Because الطلب is definite, the whole phrase becomes definite, which is why it means the applicant, not just an applicant.

In formal Arabic, especially in bureaucratic or legal-style language, the present tense often expresses:

• a general rule
• a standard procedure
• something that happens as part of a process
• sometimes even something close to should do

So يجدده does not have to mean only is renewing it right now.

Depending on context, it can mean something like:

• renews it
• will renew it
• is to renew it

This kind of present tense is very common in official documents and instructions.

Yes. على الرغم من أن is a fuller, very common expression meaning the same kind of thing: although / despite the fact that.

So you could also say:

على الرغم من أن جواز السفر ساري المفعول، يجدده مقدم الطلب.

This sounds a little fuller and perhaps slightly more formal, but رغم أن is also correct and common.

So for a learner, it is useful to recognize both:

• رغم أن
• على الرغم من أن

They often do the same job.