جواز السفر ساري المفعول من تاريخ الإصدار.

Because this is a present-tense nominal sentence in Arabic. In Modern Standard Arabic, the verb to be is usually not expressed in the present.

So:

• جواز السفر = the passport
• ساري المفعول = valid / in effect

Together, جواز السفر ساري المفعول means The passport is valid.

If you wanted to say was valid, will be valid, etc., Arabic would normally use a verb such as كان or سيكون.

Because جواز السفر is an iḍāfa construction, often called a construct phrase.

It works like this:

• جواز = pass / permit
• السفر = travel

Together, جواز السفر literally means travel pass, which is the normal Arabic way to say passport.

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun usually does not take ال
• the second noun can make the whole phrase definite

So جواز السفر means the passport, not just a passport, because السفر is definite.

ساري المفعول is a very common formal/legal expression meaning:

• valid
• effective
• in force

It is best learned as a set phrase, especially in official documents.

A rough literal sense is something like having effect or in effect, but in real usage it simply means that a document or rule is currently valid.

Examples:

• التأشيرة سارية المفعول = The visa is valid
• العقد ساري المفعول = The contract is in force

Because جواز السفر is treated as masculine singular, so the predicate appears in the masculine singular form:

• جواز السفر ساري المفعول

If the noun were feminine, you would normally use:

• سارية المفعول

For example:

• التأشيرة سارية المفعول = The visa is valid

So this is basic gender agreement.

Not in the grammar-classroom sense of direct object.

Although مفعول is a familiar grammatical term, in the expression ساري المفعول it refers to effect or legal force, not to a sentence object.

So here the whole phrase means something like:

• having effect
• effective
• valid

It is better to understand ساري المفعول as one fixed expression, rather than translating المفعول by itself too mechanically.

Here من marks the starting point in time. So it means:

• from
• starting from

In English, depending on the context, you might also translate it as since, but from is the most direct match here.

So:

• من تاريخ الإصدار = from the date of issue

This is another iḍāfa construction:

• تاريخ = date
• الإصدار = issuance / issue

So:

• تاريخ الإصدار = the date of issue

Here تاريخ means date, not history. That is very common in official contexts.

So the full phrase:

• من تاريخ الإصدار
  means
• from the date of issue

Because the sentence is referring to a specific issue date: the issue date of that passport.

Official Arabic often uses definite nouns in this kind of context, just as English says:

• the date of issue

not usually

• a date of issue

So الإصدار is definite because it refers to the known, specific act of issuing the document.

Yes. This is very much official/document language.

You would commonly see phrases like this on:

• passports
• visas
• IDs
• permits
• contracts
• certificates

Especially formal is the expression ساري المفعول. In less formal language, Arabic might sometimes use words like:

• صالح = valid
• نافذ = in force / enforceable

But for documents, ساري المفعول is extremely common and natural.

A careful vocalized version would be approximately:

جَوَازُ السَّفَرِ سَارِي المَفْعُولِ مِنْ تَارِيخِ الإِصْدَارِ

A natural pronunciation is roughly:

jawāzu s-safari sārī l-mafʿūli min tārīkhi l-iṣdār

A few notes:

• جواز = jawāz
• السفر = as-safar / s-safar after the article assimilates in pronunciation? No—here س is a sun letter, so it is pronounced as-safar
• الإصدار = al-iṣdār or in connected speech l-iṣdār

In normal Arabic writing, short vowels are usually not written, so you will normally just see:

جواز السفر ساري المفعول من تاريخ الإصدار