الشريط اللاصق قرب الحبل.

In Arabic, the present-tense verb to be is usually omitted.

So الشريط اللاصق قرب الحبل literally looks like the adhesive tape near the rope, but it means The adhesive tape is near the rope.

This is called a nominal sentence in Arabic.

Because Arabic adjectives normally come after the noun they describe.

So:

• الشريط = the tape / the strip
• اللاصق = adhesive / sticky

Together, الشريط اللاصق means the adhesive tape.

This is the opposite of English, where the adjective usually comes first.

Because the adjective must agree with the noun in definiteness.

Here, الشريط is definite because it has الـ, so the adjective اللاصق must also be definite.

So:

• شريط لاصق = adhesive tape / a sticky tape
• الشريط اللاصق = the adhesive tape

This kind of matching is very important in Arabic adjective phrases.

قرب means near or close to in this sentence.

Grammatically, it is often treated as a noun of place / adverbial expression rather than a simple adjective. It gives the location of the tape.

So قرب الحبل means near the rope.

The noun after قرب comes in the genitive.

With full case endings, this part is:

• قُرْبَ الحَبْلِ

Here:

• قربَ is in the accusative as an adverbial expression
• الحبلِ is genitive after it

In normal unvocalized writing, those short endings are usually not written, so learners just see قرب الحبل.

The sentence is a nominal sentence:

• الشريط اللاصق = the topic / subject-like part (مبتدأ)
• قرب الحبل = the predicate / comment about it (خبر)

So the structure is basically:

• The adhesive tape
  • near the rope

which Arabic understands as The adhesive tape is near the rope.

It can be understood both ways, but in normal usage it is a very natural expression for adhesive tape.

Literally, it is something like:

• الشريط = strip / band / tape
• اللاصق = adhesive / sticking

So yes, it is built from ordinary descriptive words, but together it works well as the everyday idea of adhesive tape.

A fully vowelled version would be:

الشَّرِيطُ اللَّاصِقُ قُرْبَ الحَبْلِ

A rough pronunciation is:

ash-sharīṭu al-lāṣiqu qurba al-ḥabli

A few pronunciation notes:

• الشَّريط is pronounced ash-sharīṭ, because ش is a sun letter.
• In اللَّاصق, the l sound is doubled in pronunciation.
• At the end of a sentence, final short vowels are often not pronounced in pause.

Yes. That is also correct and natural.

There is a small structural difference:

• الشريط اللاصق قرب الحبل = the adhesive tape is near the rope
• الشريط اللاصق قريب من الحبل = the adhesive tape is close to the rope

The meaning is very similar. The version with قرب is a little more compact, while قريب من may feel more familiar to learners because it matches the English idea of close to.