جدول النقاط وحجر النرد هنا.

Because Arabic often leaves out the verb to be in the present tense.

So جدول النقاط وحجر النرد هنا literally looks like:

• score table and die here

But in natural English, that becomes:

• The score table and the die are here.

This is a very common Arabic pattern called a nominal sentence.
If you wanted past or future, then Arabic would normally use a verb such as كان.

Because both are part of an iḍāfa construction, often called a noun + noun or possessive/genitive structure.

Here we have:

• جدول النقاط = literally table of the points
• حجر النرد = literally stone/piece of the backgammon/dice game

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun usually does not take الـ
• the whole phrase can still be definite if the second noun is definite

So:

• جدول النقاط = the score table
• حجر النرد = the die

That is why the English translation has the, even though جدول and حجر themselves do not show الـ.

Yes, جدول النقاط is one noun phrase.

It is an iḍāfa:

• جدول = table, chart, schedule
• النقاط = the points

So literally it is table of the points, but natural English is score table or points table.

Arabic often uses this structure where English might use:

• of
• a compound noun
• or an adjective-like noun combination

So جدول النقاط is functioning as a single phrase.

Not usually. جدول can mean different things depending on context, such as:

• table
• chart
• schedule

In this sentence, it most likely means a score table, chart, or score sheet, not a piece of furniture.

So learners should remember that جدول is broader than the English word table.

حجر literally means stone, but in some expressions it can also refer to a piece or small object used in a game.

So حجر النرد is a set expression meaning a die.

Literally, it is something like:

• the die-piece
• or the gaming stone of dice/backgammon

You do not need to translate it literally word-for-word in English. In this sentence, it simply means die.

It is singular here, so it means one die.

That can be confusing for English speakers because English dice is often used informally for both singular and plural, but strictly speaking:

• die = singular
• dice = plural

So this Arabic phrase refers to a single die.

Because و (and) is written as a prefix in Arabic.

So:

• و + حجر becomes وحجر

This is completely normal. Arabic has several short words that attach directly to the following word, and و is one of the most common.

You should read وحجر as:

• wa-ḥajar
• and the die

Yes. In both words, the ل of الـ is not pronounced normally, because ن is a sun letter.

So:

• النقاط is pronounced roughly an-nuqāṭ
• النرد is pronounced roughly an-nard

The n sound is doubled.

So a rough pronunciation of the full sentence is:

• jadwal an-nuqāṭ wa-ḥajar an-nard hunā

This is a pronunciation issue only; the spelling still uses الـ.

Because Arabic often puts the topic/subject first and the location afterward.

So the structure is basically:

• [The score table and the die] [here]

This is very natural in Arabic and corresponds to:

• The score table and the die are here.

You could also move هنا earlier in some contexts, but that would change the emphasis a bit.
With هنا at the end, the sentence simply states where those things are.

Because جدول النقاط وحجر النرد forms one coordinated noun phrase:

• the score table and the die

Then هنا is the predicate/location for the whole phrase.

So the sentence structure is:

• [A and B] are here

not:

• A and [B here]

In other words, هنا describes the location of both items together.

A fully vowelled version would be:

جَدْوَلُ النِّقَاطِ وَحَجَرُ النَّرْدِ هُنَا

This shows some useful grammar:

• جَدْوَلُ → nominative, because it is part of the subject
• النِّقَاطِ → genitive, because it is the second word in an iḍāfa
• حَجَرُ → nominative, coordinated with جدول
• النَّرْدِ → genitive, because it is also the second word in an iḍāfa
• هُنَا → here, an adverb of place

In normal Arabic writing, these short vowels are usually omitted.

It is a nominal sentence in Arabic.

Very roughly:

• مبتدأ: جدول النقاط وحجر النرد
• خبر: هنا

So the sentence is built from:

• a noun phrase/topic
• plus a predicate giving information about it

This is one of the most basic and common sentence types in Arabic.