المشرف يشرح النظام الداخلي، وملف الموظف هنا.

Arabic allows both patterns:

• المشرف يشرح النظام الداخلي
• يشرح المشرف النظام الداخلي

Both are correct. Starting with المشرف makes the sentence more topic-focused, a bit like As for the supervisor, he is explaining the internal system. Starting with the verb is often more neutral and event-focused.

يشرح is the imperfect form. In Modern Standard Arabic, that form can express:

• a present action: is explaining
• a habitual action: explains
• sometimes a near future meaning, depending on context

So without extra context, يشرح can match either explains or is explaining in English.

Because its subject is المشرف, which is singular and masculine. The verb agrees with that subject.

If the subject changed, the verb form would change too. For example:

• المشرفة تشرح = feminine singular
• المشرفون يشرحون = masculine plural

In Arabic, the present-tense verb to be is usually not stated. So a sentence like:

• ملف الموظف هنا

literally looks like employee’s file here, but it means The employee’s file is here.

If you wanted the past or future, Arabic normally uses a form of كان:

• كان ملف الموظف هنا = The employee’s file was here
• سيكون ملف الموظف هنا = The employee’s file will be here

Because ملف الموظف is an iḍāfa construction, often called a possessive or annexation structure. It means something like the file of the employee or the employee’s file.

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun usually does not take ال
• the second noun can be definite
• the whole phrase becomes definite if the second noun is definite

So:

• ملف الموظف = the employee’s file
• ملف موظف = an employee’s file
• الملف الموظف is not how Arabic expresses this possession relationship

No. النظام الداخلي is noun + adjective, not iḍāfa.

You can tell because الداخلي matches النظام in definiteness. Both have ال. That is what adjectives do in Arabic: they agree with the noun they describe in definiteness, gender, number, and case.

So here:

• النظام = the system
• الداخلي = internal

Together: the internal system

Because Arabic adjectives must agree with the noun they modify. Since النظام is definite, the adjective must also be definite.

So:

• نظام داخلي = an internal system
• النظام الداخلي = the internal system

This matching of definiteness is a basic rule for adjective phrases in Arabic.

With full case endings, the sentence is:

المُشْرِفُ يَشْرَحُ النِّظَامَ الدَّاخِلِيَّ، وَمَلَفُّ المُوَظَّفِ هُنَا.

Here is why:

• المشرفُ: nominative, because it is the topic/subject
• يشرحُ: imperfect indicative
• النظامَ: accusative, because it is the direct object
• الداخليَّ: accusative too, because it is the adjective of النظام
• ملفُّ: nominative, as the subject of the second clause
• الموظفِ: genitive, because it is the second term of the iḍāfa
• هنا: indeclinable adverb of place

In ordinary printed Arabic, these endings are usually not written.

It depends on whether the next letter is a sun letter or a moon letter.

In this sentence:

• المشرف: م is a moon letter, so you pronounce al-mushrif
• النظام: ن is a sun letter, so the ل assimilates: an-niẓām
• الداخلي: د is a sun letter, so it becomes ad-dākhilī
• الموظف: م is a moon letter, so al-muwaẓẓaf

So the spelling stays the same, but the pronunciation changes in some words.

Yes, it can be moved. In this sentence, هنا comes at the end because that is a very natural order:

• وملف الموظف هنا = And the employee’s file is here

But Arabic can also say:

• وهنا ملف الموظف

That gives more emphasis to here, like And here is the employee’s file.

و connects two clauses:

• المشرف يشرح النظام الداخلي
• ملف الموظف هنا

So it simply means and. Arabic uses و very often to join words, phrases, and whole sentences.

Yes, grammatically it is definite because it has ال. So ملف الموظف means the employee’s file, not an employee’s file.

However, exactly which employee is meant depends on context. If you wanted an employee’s file, you would say:

ملف موظفٍ