هي نجحت السنة الماضية، واخوها رسب مرتين بنفس المادة.

You can often drop هي in Levantine, because the verb already tells you the subject is she.

• نجحت already means she succeeded / she passed
• هي نجحت adds emphasis, contrast, or clarity

So both are possible:

• نجحت السنة الماضية = natural
• هي نجحت السنة الماضية = also natural, with a bit more emphasis on she

Because the subject is feminine singular.

In the past tense, many Arabic verbs change depending on gender:

• نجح = he succeeded
• نجحت = she succeeded

So the -ت here marks she.

Because الماضية is an adjective describing السنة, and Arabic adjectives must agree with the noun.

Here:

• سنة is feminine
• so the adjective must also be feminine
• that gives ماضية

Also, both are definite:

• السنة = the year
• الماضية = past / previous

So السنة الماضية is a matching noun + adjective pair.

Because Arabic often uses time expressions without a preposition.

So just as English says last year without in, Arabic can simply say:

• السنة الماضية = last year
• أمس = yesterday
• اليوم = today

You could sometimes hear في السنة الماضية in more formal or specific contexts, but in everyday speech, leaving out في is very normal.

It is understandable and acceptable, but it sounds a bit more neutral or slightly formal than the most everyday colloquial option.

A very common Levantine alternative is:

• السنة اللي فاتت

So:

• السنة الماضية = fine, somewhat more standard/neutral
• السنة اللي فاتت = very everyday Levantine

Both mean the same thing.

Because و is a clitic in Arabic, so it is normally written attached to the following word.

So:

• واخوها = and her brother

The same happens with other short attached particles, such as بـ and لـ.

In careful spelling, you may see:

• وأخوها

But in casual writing, many people leave out the hamza and write:

• واخوها

Both refer to the same word.

• أخوها = careful spelling
• اخوها = casual spelling with the hamza omitted

In informal writing, especially texting and social media, hamzas are often dropped.

As for the structure:

• أخو = brother in this possessed form
• -ها = her

So أخوها / اخوها means her brother.

Because its subject is masculine singular: أخوها.

In the past tense:

• رسب = he failed
• رسبت = she failed

So رسب has no extra -ت because the subject is masculine.

This matches:

• أخوها رسب = her brother failed

Yes. مرتين means twice or two times.

It comes from the idea of مرة = time / occasion.

So:

• مرة = once / one time
• مرتين = twice / two times

For higher numbers, Arabic usually switches to a number + plural noun pattern:

• ثلاث مرات = three times
• أربع مرات = four times

So for exactly two times, مرتين is the natural choice.

Literally, it is something like in the same subject.

Breakdown:

• بـ = in / with / by, depending on context
• نفس = same
• المادة = the subject / course

So بنفس المادة means he failed twice in the same school subject/course.

This is an important detail: it does not just say he failed twice in general; it says both failures were in the same subject.

No. In school or university context, المادة usually means subject, course, or class.

So here it means something like:

• math
• chemistry
• history
• another school subject

It does not mean physical material like wood, metal, or fabric in this sentence.

One common Levantine-style pronunciation would be:

hiyye najaḥet is-sane l-māḍiye, w-akhūha rasab martēn b-nafs il-mādde

A few useful notes:

• هي is often pronounced hiyye
• السنة often sounds like is-sane
• المادة often sounds like il-mādde
• the exact vowels in نجحت and رسب can vary a bit by region

So the spelling stays the same, but pronunciation may shift slightly depending on whether the speaker is Syrian, Lebanese, Palestinian, or Jordanian.

It is understandable as Levantine, but it sits in a neutral middle area between everyday colloquial and more standard wording.

What feels slightly more standard or neutral is:

• السنة الماضية

A more everyday Levantine version would often be:

• هي نجحت السنة اللي فاتت، وأخوها رسب مرتين بنفس المادة

So the original sentence is perfectly fine and natural enough, but it is not the most slangy or casual possible version.