رجعت عالبيت من دون ما اشتري خبز من المخبز.

All three are possible translations depending on context.

رجعت is the 1st person singular past of يرجع/رجع, meaning to return / come back / go back.

Arabic رجع does not always force the same come vs. go distinction that English does, so the best translation depends on the situation.

Because the verb already tells you the subject.

In رجعت, the ending -ت shows I in the past tense, so أنا is not necessary.

• رجعت = I returned
• أنا رجعت = I returned / I’m the one who returned
  (with extra emphasis)

This is very normal in Arabic.

عالبيت is a common colloquial contraction of:

على البيت

In Levantine, على + ال often becomes عال in writing and speech.

So:

• على البيت → عالبيت

It means to the house / home, and in natural English you usually translate it as home.

Because this is an idiomatic Levantine usage.

With movement verbs, Levantine often uses على where English would use to:

• رحت عالسوق = I went to the market
• طلعت عالشغل = I went to work
• رجعت عالبيت = I went back home / returned home

So you should not translate على too literally here. In this kind of sentence, it just functions as the natural preposition.

Because in Arabic, home is very often expressed with the house:

• عالبيت = home
• بالبيت = at home
• من البيت = from home

So even though English uses bare home, Arabic commonly uses البيت. That is completely normal and does not sound overly specific.

It means without in the sense of without doing something.

So:

• من دون ما اشتري = without buying
• more literally: without (that) I buy

This is a very common Arabic way to express what English often does with without + -ing.

Because after من دون ما, Levantine normally uses the imperfect verb.

So even though the main verb is past:

• رجعت = I returned

the action that did not happen is expressed with the imperfect:

• من دون ما اشتري = without buying

This is normal grammar. The sentence still refers to a past situation because the main verb is in the past.

Because the بـ prefix is usually used for the ordinary present/habitual in Levantine:

• بشتري خبز = I buy bread / I am buying bread

But after expressions like من دون ما, the verb usually appears without بـ:

• من دون ما اشتري = without buying

So اشتري is the expected form here.

In informal Levantine writing, people often leave out the initial hamza in words like this.

So you may see:

• أشتري
• اشتري

Both represent the same verb here: I buy / I would buy in the imperfect form, depending on context.

In everyday texting and casual writing, dropping that أ is very common.

Because the sentence is talking about bread in a general, non-specific sense:

• اشتري خبز = buy bread

This is similar to English, where we also often say buy bread, not necessarily buy the bread.

If you were referring to a specific bread already known in the conversation, الخبز could be possible.

Yes, but they do different jobs.

1. من دون is a fixed expression meaning without
2. من المخبز is the normal preposition from the bakery

So:

• من دون ما = without
• من المخبز = from the bakery

Even though both contain من, only the second one really works like the usual English from.

Yes. Both are common.

• من دون ما اشتري خبز
• بدون ما اشتري خبز

Both mean without buying bread.

In everyday speech, بدون ما is very common. من دون ما may sound a little more neutral or slightly tidier, but both are perfectly natural in Levantine.