As jy die televisie te hard maak, kla die buurvrou weer.

Because as introduces a subordinate clause. In Afrikaans, the finite verb usually goes to the end of a subordinate clause.

So:

• As jy die televisie te hard maak = if/when you make the television too loud

Compare:

• Main clause: Jy maak die televisie te hard.
• After as: As jy die televisie te hard maak ...

This is very similar to German and different from normal English word order.

That happens because the sentence begins with the subordinate clause:

• As jy die televisie te hard maak, ...

After a fronted element like that, Afrikaans follows a verb-second pattern in the main clause. That means the finite verb comes first, and the subject comes after it:

• kla die buurvrou weer

If the main clause stood alone, it would normally be:

• Die buurvrou kla weer.

But after the opening as-clause, it becomes:

• As ..., kla die buurvrou weer.

It can often feel like either if or when, depending on context.

In sentences like this, as commonly introduces a condition or repeated situation:

• As jy die televisie te hard maak, kla die buurvrou weer.

This can mean something like:

• If you make the TV too loud, the neighbor complains again
• or Whenever you make the TV too loud, the neighbor complains again

So as is very often used where English might use if or when/whenever.

Yes, that is exactly how Afrikaans expresses it here. Maak can be used in the sense of make something loud/soft/bigger/smaller, not just make in the English creation sense.

So:

• die televisie te hard maak = make the television too loud
• more naturally in English: turn the television up too loud

This is a normal Afrikaans way to say it. Depending on context, people may also use other verbs in everyday speech, but maak ... te hard is perfectly understandable and idiomatic.

Te means too, and hard here means loud.

So:

• te hard = too loud

Be careful not to read hard here as English hard. In Afrikaans, hard can mean loud.

Examples:

• Die musiek is hard. = The music is loud.
• Moenie so hard praat nie. = Don’t speak so loudly.

Die is the definite article, meaning the.

So:

• die televisie = the television

Afrikaans often uses the article where English would too. Also, unlike English, Afrikaans does not have separate forms like the/a based on gender. Die is used as the definite article for all nouns in ordinary cases.

A useful point for learners:

• die = the
• ’n = a/an

Yes. Afrikaans does not have grammatical gender in the same way many European languages do, and the definite article stays the same:

• die man = the man
• die vrou = the woman
• die kinders = the children

So in die buurvrou, die is just the normal definite article.

Weer here means again.

So kla die buurvrou weer means that the neighbor complains again.

It suggests repetition, such as:

• this has happened before
• the speaker finds it familiar or slightly annoying

In other contexts, weer can also be part of expressions related to back or in return, but here the meaning is clearly again.

Buurvrou means female neighbor or the woman next door / nearby.

It is made up of:

• buur- = neighbor
• vrou = woman

Related words:

• buurman = male neighbor
• bure = neighbors

So this sentence specifically refers to a female neighbor, not just a neighbor of unspecified gender.

The comma separates the opening subordinate clause from the main clause:

• As jy die televisie te hard maak,
• kla die buurvrou weer.

This is standard punctuation in Afrikaans, just as in English you would often write:

• If you turn the TV up too loud, the neighbor complains again.

The comma helps show where the first clause ends and the main statement begins.

Yes. You could say:

• Die buurvrou kla weer as jy die televisie te hard maak.

That is also grammatical.

The difference is mostly one of emphasis:

• As jy die televisie te hard maak, kla die buurvrou weer.
  Focuses first on the condition.
• Die buurvrou kla weer as jy die televisie te hard maak.
  Starts with the main statement.

When the sentence begins with the as-clause, the next clause shows inversion: kla die buurvrou. If the main clause comes first, normal order appears: die buurvrou kla.

Yes. Jy is the normal singular informal you.

So this sentence is addressing one person in an ordinary, familiar way.

Other possibilities would be:

• u = formal you
• julle = plural you

For example:

• As julle die televisie te hard maak, kla die buurvrou weer.

That would mean you are speaking to more than one person.

Mostly yes. Kla means complain.

In this sentence it works intransitively:

• Die buurvrou kla. = The neighbor complains.

You can also expand it:

• Die buurvrou kla oor die geraas. = The neighbor complains about the noise.

So in your sentence, kla on its own is enough because the reason is already understood from the first clause.