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Breakdown of Ich habe den Kaffee bestellt.
ich
I
der Kaffee
the coffee
So you see that our coffee is masculine. There are very few, close to no rules about which is what gender, just try to learn them with memos like German coffee is for tough guys
haben
to have
bestellen
to order food etc.
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“How do German cases work?”
German has four grammatical cases: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), dative (indirect object), and genitive (possession). The case determines the form of articles and adjectives. For example, "the dog" is "der Hund" as a subject but "den Hund" as a direct object.
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