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### Before and After

To express when an event happens relative to another, use the prepositions **vor** (before) and **nach** (after). 

These prepositions always require the **dative case**. This means the article preceding the noun changes depending on its gender:

| Gender | Nominative | Dative |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine | der | dem |
| Neuter | das | dem |
| Feminine | die | der |

Here is how **vor** and **nach** look with masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns in the dative case:

{{item:867148}}

{{item:867152}}

{{item:867163}}

### During an Event

To say that something happens "during" an ongoing event or activity, use the preposition **bei**. Just like **vor** and **nach**, it always takes the dative case.

When **bei** is followed by **dem** (used for masculine and neuter nouns), they almost always contract into the single word **beim**. For feminine nouns, the two words remain separate (**bei der**).

{{item:867154}}

{{item:867173}}

{{item:867161}}

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Subordinate clauses for reasons (weil)

Question	Answer
the lesson/class	der Unterricht
I learned before the lesson.	Ich habe vor dem Unterricht gelernt.
Are you staying here after the lesson?	Bleibst du nach dem Unterricht hier?
the break	die Pause
We play before the break.	Wir spielen vor der Pause.
After the break we have time.	Nach der Pause haben wir Zeit.
the training/practice	das Training
He drinks water during practice.	Er trinkt beim Training Wasser.
I cannot eat before practice.	Ich kann vor dem Training nicht essen.
the exam	die Prüfung
I was nervous before the exam.	Ich war vor der Prüfung nervös.
We are happy after the exam.	Wir sind nach der Prüfung glücklich.
the meeting	die Besprechung
The boss was angry before the meeting.	Der Chef war vor der Besprechung wütend.
We have no time during the meeting.	Wir haben bei der Besprechung keine Zeit.
the game/match	das Spiel
We celebrated after the game.	Wir haben nach dem Spiel gefeiert.
Did you see him during the game?	Hast du ihn beim Spiel gesehen?
the course/class	der Kurs
We worked before the course.	Wir haben vor dem Kurs gearbeitet.
After the course we are drinking a beer.	Nach dem Kurs trinken wir ein Bier.
the conversation	das Gespräch
She cried during the conversation.	Sie hat beim Gespräch geweint.
After the conversation everything was fine.	Nach dem Gespräch war alles gut.
the flight	der Flug
I bought a book before the flight.	Ich habe vor dem Flug ein Buch gekauft.
I cannot sleep during the flight.	Ich kann beim Flug nicht schlafen.
the drive/journey	die Fahrt
It rained during the drive.	Es hat bei der Fahrt geregnet.
The family was tired after the drive.	Die Familie war nach der Fahrt müde.
at the beginning	am Anfang
At the beginning everything was new.	Am Anfang war alles neu.
At the beginning we learn the numbers.	Am Anfang lernen wir die Zahlen.
at the end	am Ende
At the end we go home.	Am Ende gehen wir nach Hause.
In the end everything was fine.	Am Ende war alles gut.
for the first time	zum ersten Mal
I am here for the first time.	Ich bin zum ersten Mal hier.
We are travelling to Italy for the first time.	Wir fahren zum ersten Mal nach Italien.

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