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### Adjectives After Definite Articles

When you use an adjective directly before a noun to describe it, you must add a small ending to it. This is called adjective declension.

When the noun is the subject of the sentence (the nominative case) and comes right after a singular definite article (**der**, **die**, or **das**), simply add **-e** to the adjective.

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### Plural Adjectives

For plural nouns, the definite article is always **die**. When an adjective comes after the plural **die** in the nominative case, you add **-en** to the adjective instead.

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Here is a quick summary of the nominative endings after definite articles:

| Number / Gender | Article | Adjective Ending | Example |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Masculine | der | -e | der breite Eingang |
| Feminine | die | -e | die steile Treppe |
| Neuter | das | -e | das moderne Dach |
| Plural | die | -en | die historischen Gebäude |

### The Irregular Adjective "hoch"

Most adjectives keep their base spelling when you add an ending. However, **hoch** (high) is a common exception. When it takes an ending, it drops the "c" to become **hoh-**.

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Nominative adjectives after definite articles (-e)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
modern	modern
the building	das Gebäude
The modern building was previously a hospital.	Das moderne Gebäude war früher ein Krankenhaus.
historical	historisch
The historical buildings in this city are very beautiful.	Die historischen Gebäude in dieser Stadt sind sehr schön.
steep	steil
the roof	das Dach
The steep roof is broken, isn't it?	Das steile Dach ist kaputt, oder?
high	hoch
the tower	der Turm
The high tower belongs to the castle.	Der hohe Turm gehört zum Schloss.
The high towers are gorgeous.	Die hohen Türme sind wunderschön.
wide	breit
the stairs	die Treppe
The wide stairs are steep, but we can walk slowly.	Die breite Treppe ist steil, aber wir können langsam gehen.
the entrance	der Eingang
The wide entrance is here.	Der breite Eingang ist hier.
Where is the historical entrance?	Wo ist der historische Eingang?
The modern roof was very expensive.	Das moderne Dach war sehr teuer.
The steep stairs begin here.	Die steile Treppe fängt hier an.
only, sole	einzig
That is the only problem.	Das ist das einzige Problem.
The only mistake is here.	Der einzige Fehler ist hier.
next	nächste
The next week is free.	Die nächste Woche ist frei.
The next train is coming soon.	Der nächste Zug kommt gleich.

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