Including and Excluding
When handling professional quotes or invoices, you will often need to specify exactly what a total covers. To do this, use the formal prepositions einschließlich (including) and ausschließlich (excluding).
Both of these prepositions require the noun that follows them to be in the genitive case.
| This amount is due including the value added tax. | Dieser Betrag ist einschließlich der Mehrwertsteuer fällig. |
| Tom's fee was transferred excluding the expenses. | Toms Honorar wurde ausschließlich der Spesen überwiesen. |
Adding and Subtracting
When an amount needs to be adjusted up or down, German uses the calculating prepositions zuzüglich (plus) and abzüglich (less). Just like einschließlich and ausschließlich, these also take the genitive case.
| We calculate the price plus the shipping costs. | Wir berechnen den Preis zuzüglich der Versandkosten. |
| You must pay the amount less the discount. | Sie müssen den Betrag abzüglich des Rabatts bezahlen. |
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