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When discussing official decisions, like those made by a referee, use the formal prepositions **zugunsten** (in favor of) and **zuungunsten** (to the disadvantage of) to state who benefits and who suffers. Both require the **genitive case**.

### Zugunsten (In favor of)

Notice how feminine nouns (like *die Mannschaft*) take the *-er* ending on their article (*unserer*), and masculine or neuter nouns (like *der Verein*) take the *-es* or *-s* ending on both the article and the noun (*des Vereins*).

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### Zuungunsten (To the disadvantage of)

Conversely, **zuungunsten** means "to the disadvantage of". It behaves exactly like *zugunsten*.

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### Official Actions

These prepositions are especially useful when discussing the outcomes of official actions, like an appeal (*der Einspruch*).

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Formal prepositions of advantage (zugunsten, zuungunsten)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
the referee	der Schiedsrichter
to blow the whistle	pfeifen
the foul	das Foul
intentional	absichtlich
The referee intentionally calls the foul.	Der Schiedsrichter pfeift das Foul absichtlich.
in favor of	zugunsten
The verdict went in favor of our team.	Das Urteil fiel zugunsten unserer Mannschaft.
the video evidence	der Videobeweis
to the disadvantage of	zuungunsten
The video evidence was to the disadvantage of the opponent.	Der Videobeweis war zuungunsten des Gegners.
unfair	unfair
The foul was both unfair and intentional.	Das Foul war sowohl unfair als auch absichtlich.
the appeal	der Einspruch
We are planning an appeal in case the referee makes an unfair call.	Wir planen einen Einspruch, falls der Schiedsrichter unfair pfeift.
the penalty kick	der Elfmeter
In favor of the club, there was no penalty kick.	Zugunsten des Vereins gab es keinen Elfmeter.
The referee decided to the disadvantage of our player.	Der Schiedsrichter entschied zuungunsten unseres Spielers.
Both the foul and the video evidence helped the opponent.	Sowohl das Foul als auch der Videobeweis halfen dem Gegner.
An intentional foul often leads to a penalty kick.	Ein absichtliches Foul führt oft zu einem Elfmeter.
The decision was unfortunately to the disadvantage of our team.	Die Entscheidung war leider zuungunsten unserer Mannschaft.
The appeal decided the game in favor of the club.	Der Einspruch entschied das Spiel zugunsten des Vereins.
If the referee does not call the foul, we protest.	Falls der Schiedsrichter das Foul nicht pfeift, protestieren wir.