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### Compressing Academic German

In scientific and academic writing, German prefers compact sentences. You will frequently need to transform full relative clauses into extended participle attributes—the descriptive "sandwich" structure we built in the previous lesson.

### Passive Actions: Past Participles

When a relative clause describes something that *was done* to a noun (passive voice), use the **past participle**. 

To compress the sentence, drop the relative pronoun and the helper verb. Move the past participle directly in front of the noun, give it the appropriate adjective ending, and pull any extra details (like time or place) in front of it.

{{item:882026}}

{{item:882027}}

### Active Actions: Present Participles

When the noun is actively *doing* something, use a **present participle**. You form this by simply adding **-d** to the infinitive of the verb (e.g., *beeinflussen* becomes *beeinflussend*).

Just like before, drop the relative pronoun, move the new participle in front of the noun with an adjective ending, and sandwich the object or details between the article and the participle.

{{item:882030}}

{{item:882031}}

Here is another active example. Notice how the entire object (*die Daten*) moves into the attribute block:

{{item:882032}}

{{item:882033}}

### Unpacking Dense Texts

When reading academic texts, these extended attributes can get incredibly long. To translate or fully grasp the sentence, you will often need to do the reverse: mentally unpack the attribute back into a relative clause.

To do this, identify the participle before the noun, convert it back into a conjugated verb, and move the "sandwiched" information behind the noun using a relative pronoun.

{{item:882043}}

{{item:882044}}

Converting relative clauses to attributes

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
to evaluate	auswerten
to conduct	durchführen
The researchers evaluate the experiment which has been conducted yesterday.	Die Forscher werten das Experiment aus, das gestern durchgeführt worden ist.
The researchers evaluate the experiment conducted yesterday.	Die Forscher werten das gestern durchgeführte Experiment aus.
the factor	der Faktor
the phenomenon	das Phänomen
We observe the factor which influences the phenomenon.	Wir beobachten den Faktor, der das Phänomen beeinflusst.
We observe the factor influencing the phenomenon.	Wir beobachten den das Phänomen beeinflussenden Faktor.
The algorithm which evaluates the data must be efficient.	Der Algorithmus, der die Daten auswertet, muss effizient sein.
The algorithm evaluating the data must be efficient.	Der die Daten auswertende Algorithmus muss effizient sein.
the hypothesis	die Hypothese
to prove (with documents/evidence)	belegen
A result which proves the hypothesis is important.	Ein Ergebnis, das die Hypothese belegt, ist wichtig.
A result proving the hypothesis is important.	Ein die Hypothese belegendes Ergebnis ist wichtig.
the connection (context, correlation)	der Zusammenhang
relevant	relevant
The connection proven by the study is relevant.	Der durch die Studie belegte Zusammenhang ist relevant.
The connection is relevant, even if it is not proven.	Der Zusammenhang ist relevant, auch wenn er nicht belegt wird.
the measurement	die Messung
The measurement conducted by the expert is exact.	Die vom Experten durchgeführte Messung ist genau.
The measurement which was conducted by the expert is exact.	Die Messung, die vom Experten durchgeführt wurde, ist genau.
the analysis	die Analyse
The analysis explaining the phenomenon is relevant.	Die das Phänomen erklärende Analyse ist relevant.
The analysis conducted yesterday proves the connection.	Die gestern durchgeführte Analyse belegt den Zusammenhang.