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### Missing actions with "ohne dass"

When an event happens but an expected action is missing, use the subordinating conjunction **ohne dass** (without). 

Like all subordinating conjunctions, it sends the conjugated verb to the end of its clause, and a comma separates the clauses.

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### Substituted actions with "anstatt dass"

When one action happens in place of an expected one, use **anstatt dass** (instead of). 

It also sends the conjugated verb to the end of the clause. When the subordinate clause comes first to emphasize what *didn't* happen, the main clause must immediately follow the comma with its conjugated verb.

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### Repeated subjects

In English, when the same person or thing is the subject of both clauses, we often drop the subject and use an *-ing* verb (for example, *instead of waiting* or *without taking*). In German, you can simply use **ohne dass** or **anstatt dass** and repeat the subject pronoun in the subordinate clause.

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Alternative and negative clauses (ohne dass, anstatt dass)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
without (+ subordinate clause)	ohne dass
The man ran out of the restaurant without the waiter bringing the bill.	Der Mann rannte aus dem Restaurant, ohne dass der Kellner die Rechnung brachte.
the permission	die Erlaubnis
You are taking the car without me giving you permission.	Du nimmst das Auto, ohne dass ich dir die Erlaubnis gebe.
to sneeze	niesen
The child sneezes on the dinner without the parents saying anything.	Das Kind niest auf das Abendessen, ohne dass die Eltern etwas sagen.
to complain	meckern
The guests tolerate the noise without anyone complaining.	Die Gäste tolerieren den Lärm, ohne dass jemand meckert.
While the doctor is speaking, the cell phone rings without the man turning it off.	Während der Arzt spricht, klingelt das Handy, ohne dass der Mann es ausmacht.
instead of (+ subordinate clause)	anstatt dass
Instead of the teacher paying attention, the students cheat.	Anstatt dass der Lehrer aufpasst, schummeln die Schüler.
Instead of the guests enjoying the dinner, someone complains about it.	Anstatt dass die Gäste das Abendessen genießen, meckert jemand darüber.
Instead of the owner cleaning up the trash, the guests step on it.	Anstatt dass der Besitzer den Müll aufräumt, treten die Gäste darauf.
the behavior	das Verhalten
Instead of the parents apologizing, the child shows bad behavior.	Anstatt dass die Eltern sich entschuldigen, zeigt das Kind schlechtes Verhalten.
Clean up the trash instead of your dog making everything dirty!	Räum den Müll auf, anstatt dass dein Hund alles schmutzig macht!
Apologize instead of your friend lying for you!	Entschuldige dich, anstatt dass dein Freund für dich lügt!
the tissue	das Taschentuch
The boy sneezes without taking the handkerchief.	Der Junge niest, ohne dass er das Taschentuch nimmt.
to push	drängeln
The people push instead of waiting.	Die Leute drängeln, anstatt dass sie warten.
The man pushes without noticing the bad behavior.	Der Mann drängelt, ohne dass er das schlechte Verhalten bemerkt.
to chew	kauen
to greet	grüßen
The child chews loudly instead of greeting the guest.	Das Kind kaut laut, anstatt dass es den Gast grüßt.
The woman fetches the handkerchief instead of greeting us.	Die Frau holt das Taschentuch, anstatt dass sie uns grüßt.
The son chews the cookie without having permission.	Der Sohn kaut den Keks, ohne dass er die Erlaubnis hat.