Learn French: Le capitaine de l'équipe a gagné le match.

In French, you usually cannot stack nouns together to describe something like we do in English. Instead, you connect them with a preposition, most commonly de (of). So, you literally have to say "the captain of the team."

Since capitaine ends in an "-e", why does it use le?

While many French words ending in "-e" are feminine, there are plenty of exceptions, and capitaine is traditionally a masculine noun. However, if the captain is a woman, it is perfectly correct to say la capitaine.

Is équipe a masculine or feminine word?

Équipe is a feminine noun (une équipe). Because it starts with a vowel, the feminine word for "the" (la) drops its vowel and becomes l' for smoother pronunciation.

Besides winning a match, how else can I use the verb gagner?

While it means "to win" in the context of a game, gagner is also the standard French verb for "to earn" when talking about money or time. For example, gagner sa vie means to earn a living.