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### Making Nouns Plural

Just like in English, you make most regular French nouns plural by adding an **-s** to the end. In spoken French, however, this final **-s** is usually silent.

### The Plural Indefinite Article: *des*

In English, we say "a pen," but when there is more than one, we drop the article and say "pens" (or "some pens"). In French, you cannot drop the article.

The plural of both **un** (masculine) and **une** (feminine) is **des**. Depending on the sentence, **des** might translate to "some" or it might not translate to any specific word at all.

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### *C'est* vs. *ce sont*

When pointing things out, use **c'est** (it is / this is) for a singular item. For plural items, use **ce sont** (they are / these are).

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The same rules apply when talking about people:

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Plural nouns and indefinite articles (des... -s)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular 'to be' and indefinite articles (je suis un...)

Singular definite articles (le, la, l')

Identifying vs. describing (c'est vs. il est)

Feminine adjective agreement (+e)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (nous sommes, vous êtes)

Formal and informal you (tu vs. vous)

Plural definite articles (les)

Plural adjective agreement (+s)

Stressed pronouns (moi, toi, lui)

The verb "to have" singular (j'ai, tu as, il a)

The verb "to have" plural (nous avons, vous avez, ils ont)

There is / there are (il y a)

Basic verbal negation (ne... pas)

Negating "there is" (il n'y a pas de)

Regular -er verbs singular (je parle, tu parles, il parle)

Regular -er verbs plural (nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent)

The verb "to be called" (s'appeler)

Yes/no questions with intonation (Tu parles ?)

Yes/no questions with "Est-ce que" (Est-ce que tu parles ?)

Informal questions (qui, que, quoi)

Standard questions (est-ce que)

Singular possessives (mon, ton, son)

Plural possessives (notre, votre, leur)

Demonstrative adjectives (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Adjective placement

Numbers 1 to 20

Numbers 21 to 100

Age and physical states (avoir)

The verb to go (aller)

The preposition to/at (à, au, aux)

Question word for location (où)

Prepositions for cities and countries (à, en, au, aux)

The verb to come (venir)

The preposition from/of (de, du, des)

Question word for origin (d'où)

The verb to do/make (faire)

Days of the week (lundi, mardi)

Telling time (il est... heure)

Question words for time (quand, à quelle heure)

The verb to take or have (prendre)

The verb to drink (boire)

Partitive articles (du, de la, de l')

Zero quantity (pas de)

Expressions of quantity (un peu de, beaucoup de)

Asking how much or how many (combien, combien de)

Very vs. a lot (très, beaucoup)

The verb to want (vouloir)

Polite requests (je voudrais)

The verb to be able to (pouvoir)

Obligation (devoir)

General obligation (il faut)

Why and because (pourquoi, parce que)

Expressing purpose (pour)

Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous)

Daily routine verbs (se lever, s'habiller)

Adverbs of frequency (parfois, rarement)

Never (ne... jamais)

Regular -ir verbs (choisir, finir)

Regular -re verbs (attendre, répondre)

Irregular -ir verbs (sortir, partir, dormir)

Informal 'we' (on)

The imperative mood

Direct object pronouns (le, la, les, l')

The near future (aller + infinitive)

The recent past (venir de + infinitive)

The passé composé with avoir

Irregular past participles (eu, été, fait, pris, vu)

The passé composé with être

The negative passé composé (ne ... pas)

Saying goodbye

Please, sorry and thank you

Which / what (quel)

The indefinite adjective (tout, tous)

Irregular feminine adjectives (-euse, -ve)

Double consonant adjectives (-enne, -ette)

Feminine adjective endings (-ère, -trice)

Irregular plurals (-x)

Plurals ending in -al (-aux)

Present tense stem changes (e to è)

Accent stem changes (é to è)

Double consonant verbs (appeler, jeter)

Verbs ending in -yer (payer, envoyer)

Irregular communication verbs (dire, lire)

Irregular action verbs (écrire, mettre)

Knowing facts vs. familiarity (savoir, connaître)

Question	Answer
the pen	le stylo
they are, those are	ce sont
the pencil	le crayon
These are pens and pencils.	Ce sont des stylos et des crayons.
I am a girl.	Je suis une fille.
We are students.	Nous sommes des étudiants.
the notebook	le cahier
These are notebooks.	Ce sont des cahiers.
You are friends.	Vous êtes des amis.
the chair	la chaise
The bag is on a chair.	Le sac est sur une chaise.
the house	la maison
These are houses.	Ce sont des maisons.
the store	le magasin
It is a house, and these are stores.	C'est une maison, et ce sont des magasins.
These are French stores.	Ce sont des magasins français.
These are dogs and cats.	Ce sont des chiens et des chats.
the tree (m)	l'arbre
the flower	la fleur
It is a tree and these are flowers.	C'est un arbre et ce sont des fleurs.
We are girls and you are boys.	Nous sommes des filles et vous êtes des garçons.
These are children.	Ce sont des enfants.
the thing	la chose
These are funny things.	Ce sont des choses amusantes.
the fruit	le fruit
The orange is a fruit.	L'orange est un fruit.
These are fruits.	Ce sont des fruits.
You are students, and we are teachers.	Vous êtes des étudiants, et nous sommes des professeurs.
Some trees and flowers are here.	Des arbres et des fleurs sont ici.
Some pens, pencils and notebooks are on the table.	Des stylos, des crayons et des cahiers sont sur la table.
Some things are on some chairs.	Des choses sont sur des chaises.
These are French students.	Ce sont des étudiants français.
These are chairs and tables.	Ce sont des chaises et des tables.

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