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### Irregular plurals: Endings in -eau and -eu

Most French nouns and adjectives become plural simply by adding an **-s**. However, words that end in **-eau** and **-eu** take an **-x** instead!

- Words ending in **-eau** add an **-x** (**-eaux**). This includes nouns like **oiseau** (bird) and **chapeau** (hat), and adjectives like **beau** (beautiful) and **nouveau** (new).

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- Words ending in **-eu** also add an **-x** (**-eux**), like **jeu** (game) and **lieu** (place).

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As a reminder, when a plural adjective (like **nouveaux** or **beaux**) comes *before* a plural noun, the plural article **des** changes to **de**.

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Irregular plurals (-x)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular 'to be' and indefinite articles (je suis un...)

Singular definite articles (le, la, l')

Identifying vs. describing (c'est vs. il est)

Feminine adjective agreement (+e)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (nous sommes, vous êtes)

Formal and informal you (tu vs. vous)

Plural nouns and indefinite articles (des... -s)

Plural definite articles (les)

Plural adjective agreement (+s)

Stressed pronouns (moi, toi, lui)

The verb "to have" singular (j'ai, tu as, il a)

The verb "to have" plural (nous avons, vous avez, ils ont)

There is / there are (il y a)

Basic verbal negation (ne... pas)

Negating "there is" (il n'y a pas de)

Regular -er verbs singular (je parle, tu parles, il parle)

Regular -er verbs plural (nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent)

The verb "to be called" (s'appeler)

Yes/no questions with intonation (Tu parles ?)

Yes/no questions with "Est-ce que" (Est-ce que tu parles ?)

Informal questions (qui, que, quoi)

Standard questions (est-ce que)

Singular possessives (mon, ton, son)

Plural possessives (notre, votre, leur)

Demonstrative adjectives (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Adjective placement

Numbers 1 to 20

Numbers 21 to 100

Age and physical states (avoir)

The verb to go (aller)

The preposition to/at (à, au, aux)

Question word for location (où)

Prepositions for cities and countries (à, en, au, aux)

The verb to come (venir)

The preposition from/of (de, du, des)

Question word for origin (d'où)

The verb to do/make (faire)

Days of the week (lundi, mardi)

Telling time (il est... heure)

Question words for time (quand, à quelle heure)

The verb to take or have (prendre)

The verb to drink (boire)

Partitive articles (du, de la, de l')

Zero quantity (pas de)

Expressions of quantity (un peu de, beaucoup de)

Asking how much or how many (combien, combien de)

Very vs. a lot (très, beaucoup)

The verb to want (vouloir)

Polite requests (je voudrais)

The verb to be able to (pouvoir)

Obligation (devoir)

General obligation (il faut)

Why and because (pourquoi, parce que)

Expressing purpose (pour)

Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous)

Daily routine verbs (se lever, s'habiller)

Adverbs of frequency (parfois, rarement)

Never (ne... jamais)

Regular -ir verbs (choisir, finir)

Regular -re verbs (attendre, répondre)

Irregular -ir verbs (sortir, partir, dormir)

Informal 'we' (on)

The imperative mood

Direct object pronouns (le, la, les, l')

The near future (aller + infinitive)

The recent past (venir de + infinitive)

The passé composé with avoir

Irregular past participles (eu, été, fait, pris, vu)

The passé composé with être

The negative passé composé (ne ... pas)

Saying goodbye

Please, sorry and thank you

Which / what (quel)

The indefinite adjective (tout, tous)

Irregular feminine adjectives (-euse, -ve)

Double consonant adjectives (-enne, -ette)

Feminine adjective endings (-ère, -trice)

Plurals ending in -al (-aux)

Present tense stem changes (e to è)

Accent stem changes (é to è)

Double consonant verbs (appeler, jeter)

Verbs ending in -yer (payer, envoyer)

Irregular communication verbs (dire, lire)

Irregular action verbs (écrire, mettre)

Knowing facts vs. familiarity (savoir, connaître)

Question	Answer
the nature	la nature
the bird (m)	l'oiseau
I like nature and beautiful birds.	J'aime la nature et les beaux oiseaux.
to admire	admirer
the wolf	le loup
We admire the beautiful wolves in the forest.	Nous admirons les beaux loups dans la forêt.
to explore	explorer
the place	le lieu
They explored new places.	Ils ont exploré de nouveaux lieux.
magnificent	magnifique
There are magnificent places here.	Il y a des lieux magnifiques ici.
The children never watch the birds.	Les enfants ne regardent jamais les oiseaux.
the player	le joueur
The players like the new games.	Les joueurs aiment les nouveaux jeux.
He has never seen the new castles.	Il n'a jamais vu les nouveaux châteaux.
She admires all the beautiful birds in the garden.	Elle admire tous les beaux oiseaux du jardin.
We are exploring the new offices.	Nous explorons les nouveaux bureaux.
All the new boats are beautiful.	Tous les nouveaux bateaux sont beaux.
the plant	la plante
These beautiful birds never eat the plants.	Ces beaux oiseaux ne mangent jamais les plantes.
The players like magnificent nature and new games.	Les joueurs aiment la nature magnifique et les nouveaux jeux.
There are beautiful birds, wolves and plants in these places.	Il y a de beaux oiseaux, des loups et des plantes dans ces lieux.
the painting	le tableau
They are going to look at the new paintings at the museum.	Ils vont regarder les nouveaux tableaux au musée.
The children like their new games.	Les enfants aiment leurs nouveaux jeux.
the hat	le chapeau
How many beautiful hats do you want to try on?	Combien de beaux chapeaux est-ce que vous voulez essayer ?
Did you see the beautiful birds in the trees?	Est-ce que tu as vu les beaux oiseaux dans les arbres ?
Where are the new coats and the beautiful hats?	Où sont les nouveaux manteaux et les beaux chapeaux ?
the flag	le drapeau
I admire the beautiful paintings and the French flags.	J'admire les beaux tableaux et les drapeaux français.
the glasses, the spectacles	les lunettes
My glasses are on the table.	Mes lunettes sont sur la table.
He is buying glasses and a hat.	Il achète des lunettes et un chapeau.
There are two flags in this place.	Il y a deux drapeaux dans ce lieu.

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