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### Irregular -ir verbs: The "two-stem" pattern

While many *-ir* verbs are regular, a few very common ones like *partir* (to leave), *sortir* (to go out / to take out), and *dormir* (to sleep) share a unique irregular pattern.

Instead of one stem, these verbs use two:
- For singular subjects (*je, tu, il/elle/on*), drop the last consonant of the root (like the **t** in *part-*) and add **-s, -s, -t**.
- For plural subjects (*nous, vous, ils/elles*), keep the root's final consonant and add the standard plural endings (**-ons, -ez, -ent**).

Here is how *partir* works:

| Subject | Ending | *partir* (to leave) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| je | -s | pars |
| tu | -s | pars |
| il/elle/on | -t | part |
| nous | -ons | partons |
| vous | -ez | partez |
| ils/elles | -ent | partent |

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### Taking out and taking along

*Sortir* follows the exact same pattern as *partir*: drop the **t** for *je sors, tu sors, il sort*, but keep it for *nous sortons*, etc. It can mean "to go out," but when handling luggage and personal items, it often means "to take out."

You will also use regular *-er* verbs to talk about packing, such as *oublier* (to forget) and *emporter* (to take along, to bring).

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### Sleeping on the go

*Dormir* (to sleep) is conjugated exactly like *partir* and *sortir*, but its root ends in **m** (*dorm-*). Drop the **m** in the singular forms (*je dors, tu dors, il dort*) and keep it in the plural (*nous dormons, vous dormez, ils dorment*).

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Irregular -ir verbs (sortir, partir, dormir)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and elision (le, la, l')

Indefinite articles (un, une)

Identifying vs. describing (c'est vs. il est)

Feminine adjective agreement (+e)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (nous sommes, vous êtes)

Formal and informal you (tu vs. vous)

Plural nouns and indefinite articles (des... -s)

Plural definite articles (les)

Plural adjective agreement (+s)

Stressed pronouns (moi, toi, lui)

The verb "to have" singular (j'ai, tu as, il a)

The verb "to have" plural (nous avons, vous avez, ils ont)

There is / there are (il y a)

Basic verbal negation (ne... pas)

Negating "there is" (il n'y a pas de)

Regular -er verbs singular (je parle, tu parles, il parle)

Regular -er verbs plural (nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent)

The verb "to be called" (s'appeler)

Yes/no questions with intonation (Tu parles ?)

Yes/no questions with "Est-ce que" (Est-ce que tu parles ?)

Informal questions (qui, que, quoi)

Standard questions (est-ce que)

Singular possessives (mon, ton, son)

Plural possessives (notre, votre, leur)

Demonstrative adjectives (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Adjective placement

Numbers 1 to 20

Numbers 21 to 100

Age and physical states (avoir)

The verb to go (aller)

The preposition to/at (à, au, aux)

Question word for location (où)

Prepositions for cities and countries (à, en, au, aux)

The verb to come (venir)

The preposition from/of (de, du, des)

Question word for origin (d'où)

The verb to do/make (faire)

Days of the week (lundi, mardi)

Telling time (il est... heure)

Question words for time (quand, à quelle heure)

The verb to take or have (prendre)

The verb to drink (boire)

Partitive articles (du, de la, de l')

Zero quantity (pas de)

Expressions of quantity (un peu de, beaucoup de)

Asking how much or how many (combien, combien de)

Very vs. a lot (très, beaucoup)

The verb to want (vouloir)

Polite requests (je voudrais)

The verb to be able to (pouvoir)

Obligation (devoir)

General obligation (il faut)

Why and because (pourquoi, parce que)

Expressing purpose (pour)

Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous)

Daily routine verbs (se lever, s'habiller)

Adverbs of frequency (parfois, rarement)

Never (ne... jamais)

Regular -ir verbs (choisir, finir)

Regular -re verbs (attendre, répondre)

Informal 'we' (on)

The imperative mood

Direct object pronouns (le, la, les, l')

The near future (aller + infinitive)

The recent past (venir de + infinitive)

The passé composé with avoir

Irregular past participles (eu, été, fait, pris, vu)

The passé composé with être

The negative passé composé (ne ... pas)

Saying goodbye

Please, sorry and thank you

Which / what (quel)

The indefinite adjective (tout, tous)

Irregular feminine adjectives (-euse, -ve)

Double consonant adjectives (-enne, -ette)

Feminine adjective endings (-ère, -trice)

Irregular plurals (-x)

Plurals ending in -al (-aux)

Present tense stem changes (e to è)

Accent stem changes (é to è)

Double consonant verbs (appeler, jeter)

Verbs ending in -yer (payer, envoyer)

Irregular communication verbs (dire, lire)

Irregular action verbs (écrire, mettre)

Knowing facts vs. familiarity (savoir, connaître)

Question	Answer
the piece of luggage	le bagage
I am leaving on vacation with my luggage.	Je pars en vacances avec mon bagage.
light (weight)	léger
My luggage is very light.	Mon bagage est très léger.
the backpack	le sac à dos
Where is my backpack?	Où est mon sac à dos ?
We are leaving now and we have backpacks.	Nous partons maintenant et nous avons des sacs à dos.
to forget	oublier
I do not forget my passport when I leave.	Je n'oublie pas mon passeport quand je pars.
to take out	sortir
Why are you taking your passport out of the bag?	Pourquoi est-ce que tu sors ton passeport du sac ?
to take along / to bring	emporter
What are you taking in your light bag?	Qu'est-ce que vous emportez dans votre sac léger ?
We are taking our tickets because we are leaving.	Nous emportons nos billets parce que nous partons.
the charger	le chargeur
She takes her charger out of her suitcase.	Elle sort son chargeur de sa valise.
Do you always sleep with your charger in your bed?	Tu dors toujours avec ton chargeur dans ton lit ?
the jacket	la veste
He is leaving and he is taking his jacket.	Il part et il emporte sa veste.
the pants / the trousers	le pantalon
I am bringing a jacket and some pants.	J'emporte une veste et des pantalons.
Why are you taking your pants out of the backpack?	Pourquoi est-ce que vous sortez vos pantalons du sac à dos ?
the key	la clé
Where are my car keys?	Où sont mes clés de voiture ?
We are leaving for the hotel but I am forgetting my key.	Nous partons pour l'hôtel mais j'oublie ma clé.
the camera (m)	l'appareil photo
They are taking a camera to visit the city.	Ils emportent un appareil photo pour visiter la ville.
They often go out with their cameras.	Ils sortent souvent avec leurs appareils photo.
The children are sleeping in the train.	Les enfants dorment dans le train.

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