Essentially pronominal verbs

During a bank heist (un braquage), things get chaotic. Hostages crouch, thieves seize the loot, and accomplices flee.

To describe these actions, French uses essentially pronominal verbs. These verbs only exist with a reflexive pronoun (like se). There is no non-reflexive version of them.

Some common essentially pronominal verbs include:

  • s'accroupir (to crouch)
  • s'enfuir (to flee)
  • s'emparer de (to seize)
  • se rebeller (to rebel)
  • s'évanouir (to faint)

Passé Composé Agreement

In the passé composé, all pronominal verbs use the auxiliary verb être.

For essentially pronominal verbs, the agreement rule is wonderfully simple: the past participle always agrees with the subject in gender and number. You do not need to worry about complex direct object rules.

If the subject is feminine singular, add -e.

The hostages panicked and the girl crouched.
Les otages ont paniqué et la fille s'est accroupie.
The thief's sister fled, but she fainted.
La sœur du voleur s'est enfuie, mais elle s'est évanouie.

If the subject is masculine plural, add -s. If it is feminine plural, add -es.

The hostages rebelled against the thieves.
Les otages se sont rebellés contre les voleurs.
The victims often fainted during the heist.
Les victimes se sont souvent évanouies pendant le braquage.