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### The Perfect Tense

The perfect tense describes life experiences or past events that affect the present (the English "have/has done" tense).

To form the perfect tense, combine the present tense of **olla** (to be) with the past participle of the main verb. Notice that Finnish uses "to be" instead of "to have" as the auxiliary verb.

As with the negative past tense, the participle must agree with the subject's number. Singular subjects take a singular ending (like **-nut** / **-nyt** or **-lut** / **-lyt**), while plural subjects take a plural ending (like **-neet** or **-leet**).

| Pronoun | Auxiliary (*olla*) | Participle (*kokea*) | Participle (*tulla*) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Minä | *olen* | *kokenut* | *tullut* |
| Sinä | *olet* | *kokenut* | *tullut* |
| Hän / Se | *on* | *kokenut* | *tullut* |
| Me | *olemme* | *kokeneet* | *tulleet* |
| Te | *olette* | *kokeneet* | *tulleet* |
| He | *ovat* | *kokeneet* | *tulleet* |

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### Plural Subjects

For plural subjects, use both the plural form of *olla* and the plural past participle.

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### Perfect Tense Questions

To ask yes/no questions in the perfect tense, attach the question particle **-ko** / **-kö** to the conjugated auxiliary verb and place it at the beginning of the sentence:

- *olet* + *ko* = **oletko** (have you?)
- *olette* + *ko* = **oletteko** (have you all?)

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If you are using a question word like *kuka* (who), the question word comes first, followed by the normal perfect tense structure.

{{item:905835}}

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Partitive plural (-ita / -itä)

Question	Answer
to experience	kokea
life	elämä
I have experienced a lot in life.	Minä olen kokenut paljon elämässä.
to cross / to exceed	ylittää
ocean	valtameri
Have you crossed the ocean?	Oletko sinä ylittänyt valtameren?
Asia	Aasia
Africa	Afrikka
We have traveled in Asia and Africa.	Me olemme matkustaneet Aasiassa ja Afrikassa.
sailor	merimies
world	maailma
That sailor has seen the whole world.	Tuo merimies on nähnyt koko maailman.
America	Amerikka
They have come from Africa to America.	He ovat tulleet Afrikasta Amerikkaan.
continent	manner
This continent is very big.	Tämä manner on hyvin iso.
to explore / to investigate / examine	tutkia
Who has explored this continent?	Kuka on tutkinut tätä mannerta?
Have you lived in Asia?	Oletteko te asuneet Aasiassa?
His life has been happy.	Hänen elämänsä on ollut onnellinen.
The ship has crossed the ocean quickly.	Laiva on ylittänyt valtameren nopeasti.
We have explored the world a lot.	Me olemme tutkineet maailmaa paljon.
America is a big continent.	Amerikka on iso manner.
The sailor has experienced a harsh storm.	Merimies on kokenut kovan myrskyn.
to live, to be alive	elää
He has lived in Asia.	Hän on elänyt Aasiassa.
We live a good life.	Me elämme hyvää elämää.
spirit, soul	henki
The sailor's spirit is strong.	Merimiehen henki on vahva.
He saved the child's life.	Hän pelasti lapsen hengen.

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