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Finnish

### The Illative Case: Expressing "To" or "Into"

In Finnish, to talk about going *to* a destination or *into* a place, use the **illative case**. Verbs of movement like **mennä** (to go), **ajaa** (to drive), **matkustaa** (to travel), and **lähteä** (to leave) require this case.

The illative ending changes depending on the word's final letters.

### Multi-Syllable Words Ending in a Long Vowel (-seen)

If a multi-syllable word ends in a long vowel (like **-oo**), add the ending **-seen**. This is very common with city names.

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### One-Syllable Words Ending in a Long Vowel (-hVn)

For short, one-syllable words ending in a long vowel (like **puu**, tree), or compound words ending in one (like **Joensuu**), add an **-h**, repeat the final vowel, and add **-n**. This creates the **-hVn** ending.
- *Joensuu* -> *Joensuuhun*
- *puu* -> *puuhun*

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### Words Ending in -e

When a word ends in **-e**, the final vowel doubles to **-ee-** before adding the **-seen** ending.
- *työhuone* (study) -> *työhuoneeseen*

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### Words Ending in -us

Words ending in **-us**, like **terveyskeskus** (health center), undergo a stem change. The **-us** changes to **-ukse-**, and you add **-en**.
- *terveyskeskus* -> *terveyskeskukseen*

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### Words Ending in a Short Vowel (-Vn)

For most nouns ending in a single short vowel, simply double the final vowel and add **-n** (often written as **-Vn**).
- *näyttely* (exhibition) -> *näyttelyyn*
- *uimahalli* (swimming pool) -> *uimahalliin*
- *päiväkoti* (daycare) -> *päiväkotiin*
- *kylpylä* (spa) -> *kylpylään*
- *kuntosali* (gym) -> *kuntosaliin*

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The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Partitive plural (-ita / -itä)

Question	Answer
Espoo	Espoo
We are traveling to Espoo tomorrow.	Me matkustamme Espooseen huomenna.
The new bus leaves for Espoo.	Uusi bussi lähtee Espooseen.
Porvoo	Porvoo
Why are you driving to Porvoo?	Miksi sinä ajat Porvooseen?
Joensuu	Joensuu
I must drive to Joensuu or to Porvoo.	Minun täytyy ajaa Joensuuhun tai Porvooseen.
They are leaving for Joensuu today.	He lähtevät Joensuuhun tänään.
study	työhuone
I am taking the computer into the study.	Minä vien tietokoneen työhuoneeseen.
The teacher goes into the study.	Opettaja menee työhuoneeseen.
health center	terveyskeskus
The doctor is coming to the health center.	Lääkäri tulee terveyskeskukseen.
exhibition	näyttely
Are they walking to the health center or to the exhibition?	Kävelevätkö he terveyskeskukseen vai näyttelyyn?
swimming pool	uimahalli
We want to go to the swimming pool.	Me haluamme mennä uimahalliin.
daycare	päiväkoti
Are we going to the daycare or to the swimming pool?	Menemmekö me päiväkotiin vai uimahalliin?
spa	kylpylä
Is she walking to the spa?	Käveleekö hän kylpylään?
I am not going to the spa today.	Minä en mene kylpylään tänään.
The child must go to the daycare.	Lapsen täytyy mennä päiväkotiin.
Why are you running to the exhibition?	Miksi te juoksette näyttelyyn?
gym	kuntosali
Are you going to the gym?	Menetkö sinä kuntosaliin?
The young man runs into the gym.	Nuori mies juoksee kuntosaliin.
The small cat jumps into the tree.	Pieni kissa hyppää puuhun.
When are we returning to London?	Milloin me palaamme Lontooseen?
place	paikka
This is a good place.	Tämä on hyvä paikka.
Porvoo is a beautiful place.	Porvoo on kaunis paikka.

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