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Finnish

### Dropped Participle Endings

In everyday spoken Finnish (*puhekieli*), past participles almost always lose their final *-t*.

| Written | Spoken | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| kadottanut | kadottanu | lost |
| pudottanut | pudottanu | dropped |
| tehnyt | tehny | done |

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### Dropping the Intervocalic 'd'

In spoken language, a *d* between two vowels is frequently dropped.

| Written | Spoken | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| meidän | meiän | our |
| teidän | teiän | your (plural) |
| lähden | lähen | I leave |

{{item:914155}}

### Dropped Final 'i' in Numbers

Conversational Finnish clips the final *-i* from the numbers *yksi* (one) and *kaksi* (two).

| Written | Spoken | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| yksi | yks | one |
| kaksi | kaks | two |

{{item:914157}}

Notice how these dropped sounds can happen at the same time:

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### Bringing It All Together

These relaxed pronunciations flow throughout everyday conversation.

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Spoken dropped sounds (-ny, yks)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
to lose (misplace an object)	kadottaa
the cellphone	kännykkä
I have lost my cellphone.	Mä oon kadottanu mun kännykän.
to drop	pudottaa
I have also dropped my cellphone once.	Mäkin oon pudottanu mun kännykän kerran.
I am leaving soon. Our bus is here.	Mä lähen pian. Meiän bussi on täällä.
the laptop	läppäri
Have you dropped two laptops?	Ootko sä pudottanu kaks läppäriä?
They haven't lost our keys.	Ne ei oo kadottanu meiän avaimia.
He has dropped our laptop.	Se on pudottanu meiän läppärin.
to succeed	onnistua
to give up	luovuttaa
I haven't succeeded yet, but I am not giving up.	Mä en oo onnistunu vielä, mut mä en luovuta.
Our friend has succeeded really well.	Meiän kaveri on onnistunu tosi hyvin.
to survive	selvitä
He has managed really well.	Se on selvinny tosi hyvin.
I will leave if I don't manage.	Mä lähen, jos mä en selviä.
No one has given up yet.	Kukaan ei oo luovuttanu vielä.
to remind	muistuttaa
You haven't reminded me!	Sä et oo muistuttanu mua!
Our teacher has reminded us.	Meiän opettaja on muistuttanu meitä.
proud	ylpeä
I am really proud that you haven't given up.	Mä oon tosi ylpeä, et sä et oo luovuttanu.
Only one friend is here.	Vain yks kaveri on täällä.
jealous	kateellinen
Are they jealous of our new flat?	Onko ne kateellisia meiän uudesta kämpästä?
I have never been jealous.	Mä en oo koskaan ollu kateellinen.
One of our friends has done really good work, and I am proud.	Yks meiän kaveri on tehny tosi hyvää työtä, ja mä oon ylpeä.