The Relative Pronoun joka
The relative pronoun joka (who, which, that) connects a describing clause to a noun that was just mentioned. Like demonstrative pronouns, joka takes the case ending that fits its role in the new clause.
For local cases, the stem for joka is jo-.
| Case | Inner | Outer |
|---|
| Inessive / Adessive | jossa (in which) | jolla (on which) |
| Elative / Ablative | josta (from which) | jolta (from on which) |
| Illative / Allative | johon (into which) | jolle (onto which) |
Inner Local Cases: jossa and josta
Use the inner cases when referring to buildings, enclosed spaces, or containers.
Jossa (inessive) means "in which" and often translates naturally to "where". To say a building or shop "has" something, use jossa on (in which there is).
Josta (elative) means "from which". Use this when an action originates from a place, or when a verb (like pitää, to like) requires the elative case.
Outer Local Cases: jolla
Use the outer cases when describing open areas, surfaces, streets, and intersections.
Jolla (adessive) means "on which". As with inner cases, use jolla on to mean "which has" when a street or open area has something on it.