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Finnish

### Days of the week

Just like the months, the days of the week in Finnish are not capitalized unless they appear at the beginning of a sentence. You will also notice that five of the seven days end in *-tai*.

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### Expressing "on" a day (-na / -nä)

To say that an activity happens *on* a particular day, Finnish uses a form called the essive case. You create this by attaching the ending **-na** or **-nä** directly to the name of the day.

Because all seven days of the week contain back vowels (*a*, *o*, or *u*), vowel harmony rules dictate that every day of the week takes the exact same back-vowel ending: **-na**.

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Days of the week (-na, -nä)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Partitive plural (-ita / -itä)

Question	Answer
Monday	maanantai
I must buy a computer on Monday.	Minun täytyy ostaa tietokone maanantaina.
I am meeting you on Monday.	Tapaan sinut maanantaina.
Tuesday	tiistai
We clean the kitchen on Tuesday.	Me siivoamme keittiön tiistaina.
Are you leaving early on Tuesday?	Lähdetkö aikaisin tiistaina?
Wednesday	keskiviikko
I wake up early on Wednesday.	Herään aikaisin keskiviikkona.
It will not rain on Wednesday.	Keskiviikkona ei sada.
Thursday	torstai
We will be in the sauna on Thursday.	Me olemme saunassa torstaina.
They eat fish on Thursday.	He syövät kalaa torstaina.
Friday	perjantai
We drink wine on Friday.	Me juomme viiniä perjantaina.
Are you here on Friday?	Oletko täällä perjantaina?
Saturday	lauantai
I do not have a car on Saturday.	Minulla ei ole autoa lauantaina.
She is baking a cake on Saturday.	Hän leipoo kakun lauantaina.
Sunday	sunnuntai
We rest on Sunday.	Me lepäämme sunnuntaina.
He must leave on Sunday.	Hänen täytyy lähteä sunnuntaina.
week	viikko
The week begins on Monday.	Viikko alkaa maanantaina.
This week is difficult.	Tämä viikko on vaikea.
every	joka
I go to school every day.	Minä käyn koulussa joka päivä.
He sings every Monday.	Hän laulaa joka maanantai.

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