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### Expressing Consequence with "johtuen"

To express that an event happens "due to" something, use the postposition *johtuen*. It follows the noun it refers to, which must be in the **elative case** (`-sta` or `-stä`). Modifying adjectives also take the elative ending.

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### Plurals and Complex Reasons

When the reason is a plural noun, like roadworks (*tietyöt*), it takes the plural elative ending (`-ista` or `-istä`).

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In complex phrases like "the subcontractors' strike", the owner (*alihankkijoiden*) takes the genitive case, and only the head noun (*lakosta*) takes the elative ending.

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### Verbs Requiring the Elative Case

The elative case isn't just used with *johtuen*. Certain verbs, like *riippua* (to depend on), also require their target noun to be in the elative case. 

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Adpositions of consequence (johtuen)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
strike	lakko
due to	johtuen
transport	kuljetus
Due to the strike, the transport is delayed.	Lakosta johtuen kuljetus viivästyy.
driving weather	keli
truck (semi-trailer)	rekka
Due to the bad driving weather, the trucks had to wait.	Huonosta kelistä johtuen rekat joutuivat odottamaan.
logistics	logistiikka
subcontractor	alihankkija
Logistics depends on the subcontractors.	Logistiikka riippuu alihankkijoista.
roadwork	tietyö
Due to the roadworks, the route towards the harbor is closed.	Tietöistä johtuen reitti satamaa kohti on kiinni.
The strike begins tomorrow.	Lakko alkaa huomenna.
shortage	pula
delay	viivästys
Is the shortage the reason for this delay?	Onko pula syy tähän viivästykseen?
The trucks' delays are a big problem.	Rekkojen viivästykset ovat iso ongelma.
Due to the roadworks, we have to leave early.	Tietöistä johtuen joudumme lähtemään aikaisin.
Due to the subcontractors' strike, we have a shortage of parts.	Alihankkijoiden lakosta johtuen meillä on pula osista.
Logistics tries to save the transport.	Logistiikka yrittää pelastaa kuljetuksen.
Due to the bad driving weather, the transport towards the north is delayed.	Huonosta kelistä johtuen kuljetus pohjoista kohti myöhästyy.