Learn Farsi: مهاجم قدرتمند پریده بود.

In Farsi, you can often use a bare adjective to act as an adverb of manner, describing how an action is done. Here, the adjective ghodratmand (powerful) is placed right before the verb to describe how the striker jumped, so it translates to "powerfully."

Could this exact same written sentence mean "The powerful striker had jumped"?

Yes, it absolutely could! Because the Persian alphabet usually doesn't write short vowels, you can't see if there is an -e (ezafe) connecting the noun and adjective. If spoken as mohājem-e ghodratmand parideh bud, it means "The powerful striker had jumped." If spoken without the ezafe as mohājem ghodratmand parideh bud, it means "The striker had jumped powerfully."

Let's review the verb: how do we know parideh bud means "had jumped" rather than just "jumped"?

This is the past perfect tense, which describes an action completed further back in the past. It is formed using the past participle of the verb, parideh (jumped), followed by the past tense of the helper verb "to be", bud (was/had). If you wanted to say just "jumped", you would use the simple past tense: parid.

I've seen mohājem translated as "attacker" before. Is it specific to sports?

It's the exact same word! mohājem generally means an attacker or aggressor. In the context of sports like soccer, the "attackers" are the forwards or strikers, so it takes on that specific meaning here.