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In English, when referring to a specific object or place that we have in mind but don't explicitly identify, we often say "a certain" or "some." Farsi handles this "specific indefiniteness" using a circumfix around the noun.

### The Circumfix یک ... ـی

To refer to a specific but unidentified object, place the word **یک** before the noun and attach the indefinite enclitic **ـی** to the end. 

- If the noun ends in a consonant, attach **ی**.
- If the noun ends in a vowel, attach **ای**.

This structure indicates that the speaker has a specific item in mind, even if it's unidentified to the listener.

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### Antique Hunting and Haggling

When browsing for rare finds, you will often encounter second-hand (**دست‌دوم**) items. Inspect them carefully to determine if they are authentic (**اصلی**) or fake (**تقلبی**).

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Whether you are buying from an auction (**حراج**) or a street vendor (**دست‌فروش**), a key part of the experience is bargaining (**چانه زدن**) for a good price.

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Specific indefiniteness (yek... -i)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
antique shop	عتیقه‌فروشیatighe-forushi
I was looking for a certain antique shop in the market.	داشتم در بازار دنبال یک عتیقه‌فروشی‌ای می‌گشتم.dâshtam dar bâzâr donbâl-e yek atiqe-forushi-i migashtam.
I have just found a certain antique shop.	تازه یک عتیقه‌فروشی‌ای پیدا کرده‌ام.tâze yek atiqe-forushi'i peydâ karde-am.
junk shop / flea market	سمساریsamsâri
Do you want to go to a certain junk shop?	می‌خواهی به یک سمساری‌ای بروی؟mikhâhi be yek semsâri'i beravi?
We saw an old clock in a certain junk shop.	در یک سمساری‌ای یک ساعت قدیمی دیدیم.dar yek semsâri-yi yek sâ'at ghadimi didim
second-hand	دست‌دومdast-dovom
Where did you find this second-hand camera?	این دوربین دست‌دوم را کجا پیدا کردی؟in durbin-e dast-dovom râ kojâ peydâ kardi?
He always buys second-hand items.	او همیشه وسایل دست‌دوم می‌خرد.u hamishe vasâyel dast-dovom mikharad.
candlestick	شمعدانsham'dân
She has just brought a certain candlestick home.	او تازه یک شمعدانی به خانه آورده است.u tâze yek sham'dâni be xâne âvarde ast.
What did you put next to the candlestick?	کنار شمعدان چه گذاشتی؟kenâr-e sham'dân che gozâshti?
collection (hobby, curated items)	کلکسیونkoleksiyon
My father has a certain collection of ancient coins.	پدر من یک کلکسیونی از سکه‌های باستانی دارد.pedar-e man yek koleksiyoni az sekke-hâ-ye bâstâni dârad
You should have added this coin to your collection.	باید این سکه را به کلکسیون خود اضافه می‌کردی.bâyad in sekke râ be kolleksiyon khod ezâfe mikardi.
authentic / original / main / principal	اصلیasli
fake / counterfeit (goods, products)	تقلبیtaqallobi
Is this statue authentic or fake?	این مجسمه اصلی است یا تقلبی؟in mojassame asli ast yâ taghallobi?
Why don't you buy an authentic watch?	چرا یک ساعت اصلی نمی‌خری؟cherâ yek sâ'at-e asli nemikhari?
They sold a fake rug to me.	آنها یک فرش تقلبی به من فروختند.ânhâ yek farsh-e taghallobi be man forukhtand.
Do you believe that this coin is fake?	باور می‌کنی که این سکه تقلبی است؟bâvar mikoni ke in sekke taqallobi ast?
street vendor	دست‌فروشdast-forush
We bought this beautiful clock from a certain street vendor.	ما این ساعت زیبا را از یک دست‌فروشی خریدیم.mâ in sâ'at-e zibâ râ az yek dast-forushi kharidim.
When does the street vendor open his stall?	دست‌فروش کی غرفه‌ی خود را باز می‌کند؟dast-forush kay ghorfe-ye khod râ bâz mikonad?
auction / sale	حراجerâj
They just sold a certain antique at the auction.	آنها تازه یک عتیقه‌ای را در حراج فروخته‌اند.ânhâ tâze yek atighe'i râ dar harâj forukhte-and.
Can we participate in this auction?	می‌توانیم در این حراج شرکت کنیم؟mitavânim dar in harâj sherkat konim?
to bargain / to haggle	چانه زدنchâne zadan
While he was bargaining, I went out.	در حالی که او داشت چانه می‌زد، من بیرون رفتم.dar hâli ke u dâsht châne mizad, man birun raftam.
You should have bargained with that seller!	باید با آن فروشنده چانه می‌زدی!bâyad bâ ân forushande châne mizadi!