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### Expressing Causation

To state that one past event caused another—especially when diagnosing a problem or deducing an outcome—Farsi pairs the simple past **باعث شد** (caused) with **که** (that) and a subordinate clause in the **past subjunctive**.

### The Past Subjunctive

Form the past subjunctive using the past participle (past stem + **ه**) followed by the present subjunctive of "to be" (**باشم**، **باشی**، **باشد**، **باشیم**، **باشید**، **باشند**). 

For example, **سوختن** (to burn) becomes **سوخته باشد**. Paired with causative phrases and words of deduction like **انگار** (it seems) or **احتمالاً** (probably), it emphasizes a fully completed effect.

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When the subject of the subordinate clause changes (like an overload causing a blackout), the past subjunctive verb simply agrees with the new subject.

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### Compound Verbs

With compound verbs like **از کار انداختن** (to disable), apply the past subjunctive rule only to the verbal component. The non-verbal part remains unchanged.

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Past causation (bâ'es shod ke)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
overload	اضافه‌بارezâfe-bâr
blackout / outage	خاموشیkhâmushi
The overload probably caused one of the worst blackouts to happen.	احتمالاً اضافه‌بار باعث شد که یکی از بدترین خاموشی‌ها اتفاق افتاده باشد.ehtemâlan ezâfe-bâr bâ'es shod ke yeki az badtarin khâmushi-hâ ettefâq oftâde bâshad.
spark	جرقهjareghe
transformer	ترانسفورماتورterânsformâtor
It seems a spark in the transformer caused the whole system to burn.	انگار یک جرقه در ترانسفورماتور باعث شد که کل سیستم سوخته باشد.engâr yek jaraghe dar transformâtor bâ'es shod ke kol sistem sukhte bâshad.
short circuit	اتصالیettesâli
voltage	ولتاژvoltâzh
It seems that the short circuit caused the voltage to drop.	به نظر می‌رسد که اتصالی باعث شد که ولتاژ افت کرده باشد.be nazar mi-resad ke ettesâli bâ'es shod ke voltâzh oft karde bâshad.
pylon / transmission tower	دکلdokol
to disable / to knock out	از کار انداختنaz kâr andâkhtan
Perhaps the storm caused the pylon to disable the power grid.	شاید طوفان باعث شد که دکل شبکه‌ی برق را از کار انداخته باشد.shâyad tufân bâ'es shod ke dokol shabake-ye barq râ az kâr andâkhte bâshad
negligence / carelessness (laxity)	سهل‌انگاریsahl-angâri
fuse	فیوزfiyuz
His negligence probably caused the fuse to blow.	احتمالاً سهل‌انگاری او باعث شد که فیوز پریده باشد.ehtemâlan sahl-engâri u bâ'es shod ke fiyuz paride bâshad.
No matter how much they check, it seems the high voltage caused the blackout to last.	هر چقدر هم که چک کنند، انگار ولتاژ بالا باعث شد که خاموشی طول کشیده باشد.har cheqadr ham ke chek konand, engâr voltâzh bâlâ bâ'es shod ke khâmushi tul keshide bâshad.
It seems the overload caused a short circuit to happen in the cables.	انگار اضافه‌بار باعث شد که یک اتصالی در کابل‌ها اتفاق افتاده باشد.engâr ezâfe-bâr bâ'es shod ke yek ettesâli dar kâbel-hâ ettefâq oftâde bâshad.
Perhaps the engineer's negligence caused the cables to burn.	شاید سهل‌انگاری مهندس باعث شد که کابل‌ها سوخته باشند.shâyad sahl-angâri-ye mohandes bâ'es shod ke kâbel-hâ sukhte bâshand.
It seems that the wind caused the pylon to fall on the transformer.	به نظر می‌رسد که باد باعث شد که دکل روی ترانسفورماتور افتاده باشد.be nazar mi-resad ke bâd bâ'es shod ke dakal ruye transformâtor oftâde bâshad.
One of the worst short circuits probably caused the fuse to disable the system.	احتمالاً یکی از بدترین اتصالی‌ها باعث شد که فیوز سیستم را از کار انداخته باشد.ehtemâlan yeki az badtarin ettesâli-hâ bâ'es shod ke fyuz sistem râ az kâr andâkhte bâshad.
This spark caused the power to have been cut off.	این جرقه باعث شد که برق قطع شده باشد.in jaraghe bâ'es shod ke barq qat' shode bâshad.