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In conversational Farsi, the suffix **ها** is used to make almost any noun plural. However, formal and written Farsi often uses a special suffix to pluralize animate nouns (people and living things): **ان**.

### The Standard Suffix: ان

For most words ending in a consonant, simply attach **ان** to the end of the noun. For example, **محقق** (researcher) becomes **محققان** (researchers).

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### Words Ending in a Mute "e": گان

When an animate noun ends in a mute "e" (written as **ه**), we cannot simply add the suffix. Instead, the mute "e" is replaced with **گ** before adding the plural ending, creating the suffix **گان**. 

For example, **نخبه** (elite) becomes **نخبگان**, and **شاهزاده** (prince/princess) becomes **شاهزادگان**.

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### Words Ending in Long Vowels: یان

If a noun ends in the long vowels **ا** or **و**, the letter **ی** is inserted as a bridge to make pronunciation easier. This results in the suffix **یان**. 

For example, **جنگجو** (warrior) becomes **جنگجویان**.

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Formal animate plurals (-ân)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
prominent	برجستهbarjaste
philosopher	فیلسوفfilsuf
The most prominent philosophers of the world had gathered in this historical city.	برجسته‌ترین فیلسوفان جهان در این شهر تاریخی جمع شده بودند.barjaste-tarin filsofâne jahân dar in shahre târikhi jam' shode budand.
politician	سیاستمدارsiyâsatmadâr
influential	تاثیرگذارta'sirgozâr
Prominent writers and politicians are influential people.	نویسندگان و سیاستمداران برجسته، انسان‌های تاثیرگذاری هستند.nevisandegân va siyâsatmadârân barjaste, ensân-hâye ta'sirgozâri hastand.
researcher / scholar	محققmohaqqeq
The greatest Iranian researchers had translated these important documents.	بزرگ‌ترین محققان ایرانی این سندهای مهم را ترجمه کرده بودند.bozorg-tarin mohaqqeqân irâni in sanadhâ-ye mohem râ tarjome karde budand
warrior	جنگجوjangju
About one hundred brave warriors had defended the king.	حدود صد نفر از جنگجویان شجاع از پادشاه دفاع کرده بودند.hodud-e sad nafar az jang-juyân-e shojâ' az pâdeshâh defâ' karde budand.
Approximately one thousand university students had participated in the seminar.	تقریباً هزار نفر از دانشجویان در سمینار شرکت کرده بودند.taqriban hezâr nafar az dâneshjuyân dar seminâr sherkat karde budand.
elite / genius	نخبهnokhbe
The elites of the country must build a better future.	نخبگان کشور باید آینده‌ی بهتری بسازند.nokhbegân-e keshvar bâyad âyande-ye behtari besâzand.
prince / princess	شاهزادهshâhzâde
Princes and elites usually lived in big castles.	شاهزادگان و نخبگان معمولاً در قلعه‌های بزرگ زندگی می‌کردند.shâhzâdegân va nokhbegân ma'mûlan dar qal'e-hâye bozorg zendegi mikardand
composer	آهنگسازâhangsâz
translator	مترجمmotarjem
The most famous composers and translators met the king.	معروف‌ترین آهنگسازان و مترجمان با پادشاه ملاقات کردند.ma'ruf-tarin âhang-sâzân o motarjemân bâ pâdeshâh molâghât kardand.
The influential composers created beautiful masterpieces.	آهنگسازان تاثیرگذار شاهکارهای زیبایی خلق کردند.âhangsâzân-e tâsirgozâr shâhkârhâ-ye zibâyi khalq kardand.
Politicians usually do not answer the questions of journalists.	سیاستمداران معمولاً به سوال‌های روزنامه‌نگاران جواب نمی‌دهند.siyâsatmadârân ma'mulan be so'âl-hâ-ye ruznâme-negârân javâb nemidahand
Translators and researchers play an important role in science.	مترجمان و محققان نقش مهمی در علم دارند.motarjemân va mohaqqeqân naqsh mohemmi dar elm dârand.
The ancient philosophers were the most prominent scientists.	فیلسوفان باستانی برجسته‌ترین دانشمندان بودند.feylasufân-e bâstâni barjaste-tarin-e dâneshmandân budand.
The brave warriors protected the princes.	جنگجویان شجاع از شاهزادگان محافظت کردند.jangjuyân-e shojâ' az shâhzâdegân mohâfezat kardand.