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To express exclusive restriction like "only" or "except" in Farsi, we use a negative structure.

### The Exception Rule: جز and به جز

In English, we might say "Only employees are allowed." In Farsi, we convey this by saying that *nobody* is allowed *except* the employees.

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To build this structure, use a negative pronoun like **هیچ‌کس** (nobody) or **کسی** (anyone) along with **جز** or **به جز** (except), and conclude the sentence with a negative verb.

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### The Velvet Rope

When facing a bodyguard at a crowded queue, you will often hear this grammar used to dictate who can enter.

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If you are trying to get past the door, make sure your companion is on the guest list!

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### Exclusive Areas

High-profile venues often feature an exclusive section where entry is tightly controlled. Notice how the exception structure works with objects and locations as well.

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Exclusion (be joz)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
except / only	جزjoz
authorized	مجازmojâz
Nobody except the employees is authorized.	هیچ‌کس جز کارمندان مجاز نیست.hichkas joz kârmandân mojâz nist.
bodyguard	بادیگاردbâdigârd
to let in	راه دادنrâh dâdan
The bodyguard lets nobody in except the guests.	بادیگارد هیچ‌کس را جز مهمان‌ها راه نمی‌دهد.bâdigârd hich-kas râ joz mehmân-hâ râh nemidahad.
queue	صفsaf
When the queue is crowded, nobody goes inside except the actors.	وقتی که صف شلوغه، کسی جز بازیگرا داخل نمیره.vaghti ke saf shologhe, kasi joz bâzigarâ dâkhel nemire.
companion	همراهhamrâh
Look at the list, and let nobody in except my companion!	به لیست نگاه کن و کسی را جز همراه من راه نده!be list negâh kon va kasi râ joz hamrâh-e man râh nade!
exclusive	اختصاصیekhtesâsi
When the bodyguard is here, nobody except him opens this exclusive door.	زمانی که بادیگارد اینجا است، هیچ‌کس جز او این در اختصاصی را باز نمی‌کند.zamâni ke bâdigârd injâ ast, hich-kas joz u in dar ekhtesâsi râ bâz nemikonad.
celebrity	سلبریتیselebriti
Celebrities stand in no queue except this queue.	سلبریتی‌ها در هیچ صفی جز این صف نمی‌ایستند.selebriti-hâ dar hich safi joz in saf nemi-istand.
individual	فردfard
They let nobody into the room except an important individual.	آنها هیچ‌کس را به جز یک فرد مهم به اتاق راه ندادند.ânhâ hich-kas râ be joz yek fard mohem be otâq râh nadâdand.
entry	ورودvorud
In this exclusive section, nobody except the manager has entry permission.	در این بخش اختصاصی، هیچ‌کس جز مدیر اجازه‌ی ورود ندارد.dar in bakhsh-e ekhtesâsi, hich-kas joz modir ejâze-ye vorud nadârad.
He was checking the tickets; he was letting nobody in except my companions!	او داشت بلیت‌ها را چک می‌کرد؛ هیچ‌کس را جز همراهان من راه نمی‌داد!u dâsht belit-hâ râ chek mikard; hichkas râ joz hamrâhân-e man râh nemidâd!
I know that celebrities speak to nobody except a famous individual.	من می‌دانم که سلبریتی‌ها با هیچ‌کس جز یک فرد معروف صحبت نمی‌کنند.man midânam ke selebriti-hâ bâ hich-kas joz yek fard ma'ruf sohbat nemikonand.
Entry to this place is not authorized except for the employees.	ورود به این مکان، به جز برای کارمندان مجاز نیست.vorud be in makân, be joz barâye kârmandân mojâz nist.