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### The Arabic Active Participle

Persian borrows heavily from Arabic's consonant "root" system. In this system, a core meaning is carried by three consonants (C1, C2, and C3). Plugging these consonants into specific vowel templates creates related words.

One of the most common templates is the Arabic active participle, or the **Fâ'el** pattern. It applies the phonetic pattern **C1-â-C2-e-C3** to a three-letter root to denote the "doer" of an action or someone possessing an active quality.

For example, the root for justice (ع - د - ل) fits into this pattern to become عادل (just or fair). Similarly, the root for goodness (ص - ل - ح) becomes صالح (righteous).

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### Virtues and Vices

Because this pattern describes *who* someone is or *how* they act, it is heavily used for moral character, human virtues, and vices. These words function as adjectives in Persian.

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The root for intellect (ع - ق - ل) becomes عاقل (wise), and the root for silence (س - ک - ت) becomes ساکت (silent).

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This pattern also describes negative qualities, such as being corrupt (فاسد) or unaware (غافل).

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### Doers as Nouns

While often translated as adjectives, the active participle inherently means "the one doing the action." Therefore, many of these words function directly as nouns.

For instance, the root for service (خ - د - م) becomes خادم (servant).

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Similarly, someone who actively practices piety (ز - ه - د) is a زاهد (pious person).

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Arabic active participles (fâ'el)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
just (fair)	عادلâdel
righteous	صالحsâleh
A just and righteous judge always tells the truth.	قاضی عادل و صالح همیشه حقیقت را می‌گوید.qâzi-ye âdel va sâleh hamishe haqiqat râ migooyad.
capable	قادرqâder
ignorant	جاهلjâhel
Even though he is a capable person, he is sometimes very ignorant.	با اینکه او آدم قادری است، اما گاهی بسیار جاهل است.bâ inke u âdam qâderi ast, ammâ gâhi besyâr jâhel ast.
wise (rational/sensible)	عاقلâqel
silent (quiet)	ساکتsâket
The wise woman stayed silent in the meeting and only listened.	زن عاقل در جلسه ساکت ماند و فقط گوش داد.zan-e âqel dar jalase sâket mând va faqat gush dâd.
thankful	شاکرshâker
Even though he was sick, he was always thankful and righteous.	با اینکه بیمار بود، همیشه شاکر و صالح بود.bâ in-ke bimâr bud, hamishe shâker va sâleh bud.
A capable king must always be just with the people.	پادشاه قادر باید همیشه با مردم عادل باشد.pâdeshâh-e qâder bâyad hamishe bâ mardom âdel bâshad.
A quiet person can be very wise.	یک شخص ساکت می‌تواند بسیار عاقل باشد.yek shakhs-e sâket mitavânad besyâr âqel bâshad.
corrupt	فاسدfâsed
The decisions of that corrupt and ignorant manager resulted in the destruction of the company.	تصمیمات آن مدیر فاسد و جاهل منجر به نابودی شرکت شد.tasmimât ân modir-e fâsed o jâhel monjar be nâbudi-ye sherkat shod
We must be thankful for health, because we are capable of working.	ما باید برای سلامتی شاکر باشیم، زیرا قادر به کار کردن هستیم.mâ bâyad barâye salâmati shâker bâshim, zirâ qâder be kâr kardan hastim.
unaware (oblivious/negligent)	غافلghâfel
The corrupt manager is unaware of the law.	مدیر فاسد از قانون غافل است.modir-e fâsed az qânun ghâfel ast.
The cruel king is neglectful of the people.	پادشاه ظالم از مردم غافل است.pâdeshâh-e zâlem az mardom ghâfel ast.
servant (attendant / formal)	خادمkhâdem
The servant's room was pitch black.	اتاق خادم تاریک تاریک بود.otâq-e khâdem târik târik bud.
The king rewarded his servant.	پادشاه به خادم خود پاداش داد.pâdeshâh be khâdem-e khod pâdâsh dâd.
pious	زاهدzâhed
The pious man lived in a totally empty cave.	مرد زاهد در یک غار خالی خالی زندگی می‌کرد.mard-e zâhed dar yek ghâr-e khâli khâli zendegi mikard
This pious man's deeds are righteous.	کردار این زاهد صالح است.kerdâr-e in zâhed sâleh ast.